Management and the Cultural Industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management and the Cultural Industries - Essay Example Music industry has as well attracted many followers and new artists are coming up every now and then hoping to make a living out of it. Features of music industry Diversity Music is one industry that has attracted people from all walks of life. No one is taken to be an alien in music since it incorporates all and inspires all regardless of gender, race, tribe or even age. It is so diverse that anyone can choose what they want to listen to (Abraham, 1974, p.292). It is not limited to only one theme but is diversified to accommodate all people so that everyone feels accommodated in this industry. Use of rhythms Any song produced is characterised by a certain way of presenting the lyrics to the audience. This way matters a lot since some musicians may sing off key and thus their music may not sell much. It is the organization of the beats and singing in a rhythmical way that makes all the difference. One can’t just present a song in any way and expect to change the audience. One rule should be: ‘present with audience in mind’. Practical Music is so applicable in our day to day lives and affects the way we lead our lives day in day out. One can identify with a certain song and be positively influenced maybe to stop a certain bad habit. Music is not a past tense event but one we live with thus assists in making our lives better if well applied where possible. Variety of compositional structures Music has several structures of composition since it could be solo or choir depending on the preference of the artist. Passages of homophonic chords could also be applied to make it livelier. This is could have a harmonic accompaniment which could be applied at the introduction, dynamic build up, and others at the climax (Dahlhaus, 1991, p.260). Reality of work in music cultural industry Music industry has grown pretty fast in this century as compared to how it was few decades ago. Much improvement has been made to ensure that this industry competes well w ith other industries. Players have been sensitised on how to ensure that their music is marketable and can reach many people and help them in various issues of life other than entertaining them. Players ought to concentrate very well to make sure that they are not carried away by fame and forget that music is self-employment and earns a living to them who take with the seriousness it deserves. Taking music as work is one character that will greatly assist the artists and make them realise that it needs to be taken seriously. It calls for one to work very hard and avoid many interruptions to concentrate with it. It could even land one to other side jobs such as master of ceremony in other events if taken seriously and accorded maximum concentration and dedication. In normal business life, working with dedication is suicidal to one’s business as well as life. It is imperative that business people learn to work hard just as music industry players do. Thus, a business person and one who works in the music industry get connected in that both have to work hard to their level best to ensure that they get maximum

Reality and Truth Essay Example for Free

Reality and Truth Essay Reality and truth are both so hackneyed in a commonplace manner with over-lapping ideas that they each lose their own individuality. Reality is a subjective value that reflects what characterizes our world, whether it is our individual world or the world as a whole, and its conditions. Oliver Sacks The Minds Eye: What the Blind See and Tim OBriens How to Tell a True War Story bring the relationship of truth and reality into question. OBrien openly uses the thin line between truth and reality to convey the message that truth and reality sustain a close relationship. Using examples of interpretation, cognition, and communication of a persons environment, the authors give the reader the idea that truth cannot exist without reality and vise versa. The authors tie truth and reality as interdependent. Interpretation of a certain environment unlocks the truth of the society. One society can create one truth and one reality, whereas another society creates a different reality and truth. OBrien offers many interpretations of war. War is hell, but thats not the half of it, because war is also mystery and terror and adventure and courage and discovery and holiness and pity and despair and longing and love. War is nasty; war is fun. War is thrilling; war is drudgery. War makes you a man; war makes you dead. The truths are contradictory. War is grotesque. But in truth war is also beauty. (394) OBrien beliefs give an array of meanings of war. He also emphasizes in the end, with the example of interpretations of war, that truth is contradicting. Truth is contradicting because there is more than one truth. Truths are based a persons reality, however reality is also based on truth; one cannot survive without the other. In relation with OBrien and Nafisi, Sacks also offers a truth and reality relationship. In truth, all of Sacks correspondents were partially disabled or handicapped. In order for them to feel like they are not disabled, they create imaginations, their own reality, in order to fulfill themselves as regular people in society. An individual deprived of one form of perception could totally reshape himself to find a new center, a new identity (Sacks 476). Even though Sacks says Hull, a man who lost vision in his middle age, describes himself as someone who reshapes himself, all the other patients also reshape themselves in order to live as normal people. They interpret the truth of blindness, and use it to make another reality. In the end, reality becomes truth to the people because becoming a visual person who is blind becomes true in their own world. In all texts, the authors interpret and experience truth and reality simultaneously; one concept cannot be experienced without the dependence of the other. Through forms of communication, such as language, truth and reality are shown as mutually dependent. In How to Tell a True War story, Tim OBrien recollects his experience of telling the war story and at the end of his storytelling, a woman and always a woman would approach him and tell him she liked the war story. In response, he says Ill picture Rat Kileys face, his grief, and Ill think, You dumb cooze. Because she wasnt listening. It wasnt a war story. It was a love story (396). Stereotypically, women are seen to be more sensitive than men; however, she did not empathize with him at all. He also uses the word cooze, like Rat, to show his animosity for her misunderstanding of his story. Through OBrien, he conveys that her lack of understanding meant that language was limited. She did not understand his reality, only the events of the story because he said it was true and it occurred. For OBrien, his reality is that the feelings and the understanding portrayed in the war story is the truth, and not the actual events. For this example, OBrien indicates that truth is dependent on reality. Conversely with OBrien, Nafisi and Sacks believe that communication can be limitless. For Sacks, he uses many examples of people who lost one of the five human senses who can communicate with people by amplifying the other senses. For the blind, Sacks emphasizes that they use language as a mediation to communicate. Blind children, it has often been noted, tend to be precocious verbally, and may develop such fluency in the verbal description of faces and places as to leave others (and perhaps themselves) uncertain as to whether they are actually blind (483). Sacks expresses that with the art of language, a person who is blind can be equally presented as one who is sighted. He includes (and perhaps themselves) to show that language is so powerful that it gives an alternate reality: that blind people are just as visual as sighted people. However, truth is not realized through this reality as it was through interpretation. In Sacks example, reality is dependent on truth instead, because the alternate reality of blind people are like sighted people is false. The reality Sacks conveys is that blind people only use language as a mediator. Cognition, which includes thought and memory, is described by the three authors as an example where the relationship of truth and reality exist in. Sacks discusses the thought and memories of three people. I have now read three memoirs, strikingly different in their depictions of the visual experience of blinded people: Hull with his acquiescent descent into imageless deep blindness, Torey with his compulsive visualization and meticulous construction of an internal visual world, and Tenberken with her impulsive, almost novelistic, visual freedom, and specific gift of synesthesia. (481) Here, in Sacks example, reality is dependent of truth because these three people must have been blind before they experience visualization derived from the minds eye. However, the experience each person has is different. They have a reality which becomes true to them, making truth depend on reality. The thoughts of Sacks correspondents has given them truth through reality. Like Sacks, OBrien offers truth-reality association. Rat, who is OBriens friend, refers to the fish as dead gook fish (387) and the water buffalo as a VC (Tim OBrien 393). OBrien clearly shows the gook and the VC to show Rats thought of the animals; he sees them as the enemy. The truth is that these animals cannot really be the enemy, because it would just be an absurdity. For rat, he calls the water buffalo a VC merely because he wants to exert his anger upon the baby water buffalo, which is derived from the death of his friend. By killing the VC, Rat was able to alleviate his feelings by creating the reality of killing the enemy baby buffalo. He created a reality of killing an enemy, which is developed from the truth of his friends death. With the truth of his death, a reality was created to make himself feel better. Truth in turns is also taken from reality because he really sees the animals as an enemy, which is a reality that becomes true for him.

Real Food for The Hungry Essay -- Food Science

How often do children who whine about eating their peas and carrots at the dinner table hear from their mothers, â€Å"You should appreciate the food on our table, there are starving kids in Africa.† Although parents use the preceding phrase as a guilt mechanism to trick their children into eating their veggies so they too can consume the vitamins and nutrients they need to grow, the reality behind the phrase is much deeper than most realize. People are starving in almost every part of the world and the solution to that problem has yet to be discovered. A solution that has been considered for some time now but recently has sparked more interest is the use of genetically modified foods to feed the hungry. Should genetically modified foods be trusted to be fed to the hungry? As in most arguments, there are two sides to the production on genetically modified foods. On one hand of the argument, scientists are trying to argue that GM foods are natural, grow faster, and yield a larger amount of crops during harvest. Whether or not genetically modified foods can provide more food for the hungry than a natural crop could, they come with a list of problems. Not only do they cost poor farmers a ridiculous amount of money, but they also have unsafe chemicals that affect their surroundings and, more importantly, the bodies they would be digested in. Therefore, I believe genetically modified foods are a danger to humans. Multi-national companies are pushing the engineering and selling of genetically modified foods consciously for the purpose of gaining profit. Food policy analyst Dennis T. Avery asserts that â€Å"the development of GE foods is not being driven by farmers, consumers or less-developed countries but by large multinational chemical comp... ... Modified Foods Are Not the Best Way to Feed the Hungry." Africa. Ed. Laura K. Egendorf. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "Better Dead than GM-Fed?" Seedling (Oct. 2002). Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. Smith, Jeffrey M. "Genetically Modified Food Threatens Human Health." Humanity's Future. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "Genetically Engineered Foods May Pose National Health Risk." www.seedsofdeception.com. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. Union of Concerned Scientists. "The Safeness of Genetically Modified Foods Is Unproven." Genetic Engineering. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "Risks of Genetic Engineering." 2007. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 23 Apr. 2012.

Burial Rituals of Native American Culture Essay

At some point in our lives, we all come to realize that death is a part of life. Cultural diversity provides a wide variety of lifestyles and traditions for each of the unique groups of people in our world. Within these different cultures, the rituals associated with death and burial can also be uniquely diverse. Many consider ritualistic traditions that differ from their own to be somewhat strange and often perceive them as unnatural. A prime example would be the burial rituals of the Native American people. Leslie Marmon Silko’s story entitled The Man to Send Rain Clouds describes a funeral service carried out by a Native American Pueblo family. Though many perceive the funeral service narrated in this story to be lacking in emotion and also lacking respect for the passing of their loved one, it portrays a ceremony that is quite common for the Native American communities. There is also a hint of conflict occurring between the characters in the story that are carrying out their traditions while including an outside religious figure in the ceremony. The death of an old man sets the stage for this story and tells of the way his family goes about preparing him for his journey into the afterlife. A feather is tied into the old man’s hair, his face was painted with blue, yellow, green and white paint, pinches of corn meal and pollen were tossed into the wind and finally his body was wrapped in a red blanket prior to being transported. According to Releasing the Spirit: A Lesson in Native American Funeral Rituals by Gary F. Santillanes, â€Å"Pueblo Indians care for their own dead with no funeral director involved. The family will take the deceased, usually in their truck, back to the home of the deceased and place him or her on the floor facing east to west, on a native blanket. Depending on the deceased’s stature in the tribe, his face may be painted in the traditional nature. A powdery substance is placed on the face of all the dead usually made of corn, traditional prayers and maybe dances are completed† (www. umn. du). The feather tied to his hair is a prayer feather and the painting of the face is to ensure that he will be recognized in the next world by his ancestors who have crossed over before him. The colors are representative of the earth, sky, sun and water. The sprinkling of corn meal and water are said to provide the dead with nourishment on their journey to the next world. The pollen is representative of the earth’s renewal from the rainclouds that will be sent back by the spirit of the deceased. Silko frequently refers to a â€Å"red blanket† that the old man is wrapped in for burial (149). The Native American people often leave a cord hanging from the blanket which wraps the body of the deceased and is thought to provide a way for the spirit to be released into the afterlife. All Native American cultures have strong beliefs in life after death, although the means of reaching the next life may vary from tribe to tribe. They traditionally believe that death is a part of a natural cycle in which their spirits are transported back and forth between this world and the spirit world so that they can bring renewal and new life when they return. Most consider this transition to be an honor or privilege since it will ensure the survival of their people. In Native American culture, it is believed that neglect of tribal rituals can result in death and sickness, because the spirit returns without blessings, having been unable to enter the other world. According to Who Were The Anasazi? Published by The Bureau of Land Management, â€Å"religious concepts and events were associated with seasonal tasks like farming (in spring and summer) and hunting (in fall and winter)† which would be a plausible explanation for the belief that the old man could send back rain clouds and also for cultural beliefs in the spirits returning to life (http://www. blm. gov/co/st/en/fo/ahc). Many tribes perform ceremonies which can include elaborate and colorful tribal dances. Modern rituals sometimes allow for outsiders to watch the ceremonies. During the burial process there are also practices that are more common to what many people consider to be normal. Bodies are dressed in nice clothing and some of their possessions are often placed next to them. The Native American people prepare food to be given to the families of the dead, members of the community visit to pay their respect to the deceased and at times a religious service is included. When these religious services are conducted, â€Å"they are held in churches on their native land† where â€Å"they have their native religious beliefs with their own gods† (www. umn. du). Native American â€Å"religious specialists draw wisdom from inherited traditions. Priests bring rain through ceremony and prayer. They are thought to have a special level of communication with the spirits† (www. umn. edu). The Native American culture often frowns upon outside religious rituals such as last rites being included in the ceremonies. This is thought to be partly because of the controversy surrounding the invasion of Catholics upon their land and partly because they believe that it will impair the transition into the afterlife and condemn the soul of the deceased. Pallbearers are employed to transport the bodies to the grave site, but in several tribes, no one else is allowed to touch the body or the grave. The pallbearers must eventually go through a cleansing ritual following the burial. Regardless of our cultural heritage, treating our loved ones with respect, tradition and dignity is usually our primary concern. Though we may not understand the practices of other cultures, it does not mean that methods by which burials are conducted are any less spiritual or correct. We all tend to believe in our own gods and the fact that there will be something else waiting for us when we pass from the world in which we exist. We all feel the need to make sure that our loved ones are properly prepared for their journey by whatever means our traditions dictate. The only differences seem to be the methods in which we believe will help us make that transition. There is no doubt that family cohesion and socioeconomic status play an important role in the overall success of the transition but with the proper support system, even those in disadvantaged communities can make the best of a bad situation.

A drowning experience

Drowning Experience Tommy had Just learnt how to swim and was eager to demonstrate his newly acquired skills to his best friends. Immediately after school, he invited his friends, Gary and John, â€Å"Shall we go swimming at the crystal clear lake behind my flat tomorrow morning? † His friends nodded readily. Tom's mother had warned him about the dangers but his bursting desire to show off got the better of him and he simply cast her words to the winds. The next morning, the sun shone brilliantly across the glistening water, casting olden shadows dancing on the lake.The boys gathered punctually at the lake bank. They quickly stripped down to their swimming trunks and Jumped into the water. They waded merrily and frolicked in the water and laughed boisterously as the water hit their faces. Tommy suddenly made a suggestion, â€Å"Shall we compete and see who reach the other end of the lake first? † Before Tommy could finish his words, the other two boys had already taken up the challenge and started swimming right away. Just when Tommy was about to get ready, he felt an acute pain on his left thigh ut ignored it.However, seconds later, the pain accentuated and his left leg began to feel numb and heavy. Seized by panic, Tommy started thrashing in the water to stay afloat but he felt like a fast sinking ship and swallowed many gulps of water. Presently, he waved his hands frantically and screamed hysterically, â€Å"Help me! † Gary and John turned around and their blood froze at the hair-raising sight. Fortunately, they quickly got a grip on themselves and swam towards their distressed friend with very ounce of their strength.With Gary and John's concerted efforts, Tommy was finally dragged onto shore. However, Tommy's face had already turned ghastly pale and he was rendered unconscious. Worst, his leg was bleeding profusely. Without a moment to spare, Gary raced to pick up his shorts, ransacked its pockets and found his mobile phone. He immedi ately dialed for an ambulance. Shortly, the wail of the sirens could be heard. The paramedics bandaged Tommy's wound, lifted him onto a stretcher and carried im into the ambulance and it sped off.Gary also informed Tommy's mother. At the hospital, a doctor swiftly attended to Tommy. When Tommy's mother arrived, the doctor explained to her that Tommy was bitten by a sea snake and he had purged its venom from Tommy's body. Tommy's mother thanked Gary and John for their alertness and quick-wittedness. When Tommy finally came around, he teared uncontrollably, seeking forgiveness from his mother for his defiance. It was a close shave for Tommy and he would not forget that fateful day.

010 Ethos and Audience Professor Ramos Blog

010 Ethos and Audience Ethos Quick Write Ethos Ethos is about values. In rhetoric we connect ethos to  character, credibility, and trustworthiness.  At their core, these concepts have to do with values. We tend to believe and trust those individuals who exemplify the values we cherish, who live the sort of life that we would want to live.  Ethos Handout from University of Maryland Ethos is inferred, NOT possessed. Five strategies for persuading through character. Personal info Sources Identification with Audience Point of View Balanced Presentation 5 Ways to Persuade with Character (Ethos) | How to Craft an Argument Presidential Hats Trump in Cowboy Hat Obama in Cowboy Hat Bush in Cowboy Hat Using Rhetoric Notes Ethos Research Unbiased Pathos Emotional Storytelling So What? Logos Logical History Facts Statistics Evidence Authority/Pros Background Include the Conversation What argument is she making? How does she build Ethos? How does she use pathos? How does she use logos? Understanding Audience Audience is quite possibly the most important thing to consider when writing an argument. You need to appeal to them, understand their problems, values, and beliefs, in order to convince them of your point of view. Who your audience is should influence  how  you present your argument. Who your audience is should influence  how  you present yourself. Who is your audience? Determine what is important to your audience. What do they really care about? What do they value? Are your reasons in line with those values? Argumentative Essay Arguing a Solution to a Problem Position. Take a clear position on an arguable topic. Reasons. Develop main reasons, keeping audience in mind. Evidence. Support all reasons with strong research. Opposition. Acknowledge the opposing argument and take it out. Agree or Disagree with a Reading from our Textbook Summarize the article and argument. Agree or Disagree but add something. Incorporate research to argue your position. Take a Position on a Controversial Topic Present the controversial topic. Give pro arguments. Give con arguments. Take a position. Integrate research to argue your position.

Fundamental Aspects of Business †Business Essay

Fundamental Aspects of Business – Business Essay Free Online Research Papers Fundamental Aspects of Business Business Essay During the developing of industry and economy, there become more and more opportunities for people to have their own business and a great number of people really want to attempt to do it. But before you start doing your business, how much do you know about it? Do you realize what business exactly is and how does it works. Today I am going to introduce some very basic knowledge about business such as the fundamental facets and the main factors of different types of business, also a discussion of the different objectives between those different businesses. First of all, a business is about a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it. (Handout) It concern to many business objectives including profit, share price, environment, sales, long term survival and so on. But basically there are five fundamental facets of a business you must know, they are: 1. Your Products/Services: You must have very clear idea about what are you offering to the consumer, what advantages you have with your product or service and why you are strong in it. And to found your weakness is also important and then you should work hard to understand the reason of your incomplete even you could not fix it. This would help you to be more clearly about your current situation. Another factor is you may have to decide how to delivery your product would be the most efficiency way. Furthermore, after you made a decision about what are you going to offer the customers, you may face some problems, for instance the customer wants something you do not have, at this moment I recommend you to help them to find the goods they want even you probably have to send them to a other supplier, but don’t worry, your behavior would made you very impressive to the customer and that could increase your reputation. Moreover, when you considered all the factors such as the cost of produce and deliver for each product also the overhead, you have to give a very reasonable price; consumer could accept it and you can make profit at the same time. 2. The Customer Universe: By some successful case you could learn that if you want to gain more buyers, first you must know who are they, this means you can not address to all class of people, at less you are not being a supper powerful company. M S could be such an appropriate example here, they use to sell more options goods than nowadays, but they stop it and began to focus on the middle class since they found that did not make more profit. In addition, what methods you are going to use to know how your customer thought about your work is extraordinary important no matter they are satisfy or not, it really gives you a clearly indicator. So you should use all the effective ways to do this including doing surveys and sending questionnaires, especially doing this by the Internet. In a word, confirm which segment do you want to address and than be as close as you can with them. 3. The Market Landscape: Primarily you have to understand the meaning of market niches; it means a special area of demand for a product or service in the market. And than you have to make sure your position in it by collecting many concerned data. After you know your quotient in the market, you may start to consider about your competitors situation during the comparison you made. Now you have to think about your competitors details, like do they offer the same product/services as you and what is their strengths and weaknesses, can you learn their positive and do your best to avoid their negative. 4. Your Financial Position: In this case, you may have to investigate your business to make sure how your financial position like is it big wealth or a bit embarrassed. That really correlate to your business closely, it could gives you the opportunity to change your goals and directions. For example the income and expense projections, investment in research etc. these all concern to your financial position. 5. Your Organization: Just like your products/service, you should realise what are the major strengths and weaknesses of your organization. Than you must to make sure the people in place is whom you need in order to make your business successful, and they also ought to have ideas, issues and upcoming changes in their circumstances that should be taken into consideration in business planning. You may define as business which activity has these five facets. And the role of business in society a critical and complex issue today. After the description of the fundamental facets of business, I would like to provide some information about the different types of businesses. First of all, the types of business could separate into two sectors, private and public. In the public sector, all the business activity is owned, financed and controlled by the nation through the government or local authorities. Generally there are four kinds of business; Number one is the Government, whom is the key departments set policy and monitor implementation. Number two is the Local Authorities which including Country Council, District Councils and Parish Councils. Third one is the Health Trusts (NHS). And the last one is Public Corporations such as BBC. All of these public sector activities have objectives, for instance, the Access, which means they are available to all regardless of location or income. Another is Quality, which means they provide high quality services that do not cut corners. Also Affordability, this is a services offered at prices that are cheaper than private sector or free at the point of use. Lastly, Equity is also an important parts which means it is available to anyone whatever their background, status, income, class, race, religion, etc. In the society, there is a great number of establishment belong to the public, such as roads, paths and parks, museums, schools, allotments, waste disposal and so on. Private sector of business is owned, financed and controlled often by private individuals. In my opinion, it is more complicated because there is more range of types of business. 1. Sole Traders, this must be owned, financed and controlled by one individual but can employ other staff and also this is very common in local building firms, small shops and restaurant. Because it is very easy to set up and you can keep all the profits, you can make key decisions by yourself and obviously you have a high degree of control. Also it has very much flexibility, less people are easier to make some change. And it has an ability to offer personal service, the reason is there are only few customers have to be serve at one time. In the other hand, a sole trader may face some problems particular easy to happened on them. Unlimited Liability, this means the trader has the liable for all the debt and I think this makes it quite challenged; solely responsible always could compose a pressure. And this kind of business will be ceases once the owner dies. 2. Partnerships, which is bound by the terms of the partnership act 1890 and it is owned, financed and controlled by upwards of 2 partners in terms of agreed through contract, it is very common in professions such as lawyers, accountants, architects, surveyors and so on. There are several positive things of this type of business. Firstly, Partnerships has a greater access to capital. Secondly, it provides a greater opportunity for specialization. Thirdly, a shared responsibility could improve people’s incentive. The negative thing is, this is an unlimited liability but since 2001, Partnerships can apply to be limited partnerships. All the partners liable for the debts of the others and the partnership dissolved on death of one partner. Potential for conflict could make a big problem, the reason is that would make the company very hard to achieve an agreement. Especially one partner could bind on the rest when making a decision. This is also a limited access to capital. 3. Limited Companies. Which could separate into Private Limited Company (Ltd) and Public Limited Company (PLC). Both of these companies must to register with registrar of companies at Companies House. Also there is a memorandum of association must be signed, it is about the details of the nature, purpose and structure of the company. And you must get a certificate of incorporation, it allows the company to trade. All the shareholders have limited liability; it means if your company is going into liquidation, you can only lose what you agreed to put into the company rather than your personal liability. Here is some special policy to those two types of limited companies. Ltd generally constitutes by 2 or more shareholders but single member, but individual articles of association may stipulate max number of shareholders. And the shares can only transferred on agreement of all shareholders. The PLC is owned by minimum of 2 but no maximum number of shareholders and the shares can be traded publicly on the Stock Exchange. The firm also has a separate legal identity, it means the company can sue and be sued instead of person. But the PLC is more complex to set up, because you must supply a minimum share capital of fifty thousand pounds. Obviously, the distinct different between these two types of business is that the Ltd can have only one shareholder. At last of the part of Limited Companies, I would like to provide some issues. Firstly there could be a divorce between ownership and control. Secondly is there is a potential for diseconomies of scale, for example the communication, decision making, etc. Thirdly as a limited company, you must publish your accounts. And here is some more issues particular to the PLC, because the shareholders may be a large institution so the company has to consider some problems such as pension funds, insurance companies and so on. Further more, the share value will subject to volatility, it could affects the company value. More over, the PLC can be large, complex, possess market power. 4. Co-operatives. This is very common to see in the farmer’s market, it ownership, finance and control and control in hands of the ‘members’ and it exists for the benefit of ‘member’. There are three types of Co-operatives, they are: a). Consumer co-ops which the members buy goods in bulk and sell to members, than divide profits between members. b).Worker co-ops which mean the workers buy the business and run it and decisions and profits shared by members, such as the most farmers working way. c).Producer co-ops; this is meant that producers organize distribution and sale of products themselves. 5. Franchises. This kind of business is getting more and more popular in the world. After pays a fee for the purchase for the franchise, the business ownership backed by established ‘brand’ name, so the business could get a big benefits from the public praise. Of course the owner of the business have to pay for the right to use the established company’s name, format products, logo, display units, methods, etc. at the same time, the franchisee have responsible for debts, also pay a royalty to owners of the brand, than keeps any remaining profit. 6. Charities. This is a type of business which purposes not for profit. The non-profit organizations must working for relief of poverty, the advancement of education or religion and other purposes beneficial to the community not falling under above. For example it have to create and maintain mutually satisfying exchanges between their donors and beneficiaries, and being concerned with facilitating an exchange process between an organization and it publics so that some basic societal need can be fulfilled. In conclusion, every kinds of business have their own nature and purpose; they all have a segmentation of the society to focus. (1991 words) Bibliography: Handout from business class. Resources: bized.ac.uk/learn/business/index.htm Research Papers on Fundamental Aspects of Business - Business EssayRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office System

Ancient Syrian Facts and History

Ancient Syrian Facts and History In antiquity, the Levant or Greater Syria, which includes modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestinian territories, part of Jordan, and Kurdistan, was named Syria by the Greeks. At the time, it was a landbridge connecting three continents. It was bounded by the Mediterranean on the west, the Arabian Desert on the south, and the Taurus mountain range to the north. The Syrian Ministry of Tourism adds that it was also at the crossroads of the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Nile. In this vital position, it was the hub of a trade network involving the ancient areas of Syria, Anatolia (Turkey), Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Aegean. Ancient Divisions Ancient Syria was divided into an upper and lower section. Lower Syria was known as Coele-Syria (Hollow Syria) and was located between the Libanus and Antilibanus mountain ranges. Damascus was the ancient capital city. The Roman emperor was known for dividing the emperor into four parts (the Tetrarchy) Diocletian (c. 245-c. 312) established an arms manufacturing center there. When the Romans took over, they subdivided Upper Syria into multiple provinces. Syria came under Roman control in 64 B.C. Romans emperors replaced the Greeks and Seleucid rulers. Rome divided Syria into two provinces:Â  Syria Prima and Syria Secunda. Antioch was the capital and Aleppo the major city of Syria Prima. Syria Secunda was divided into two sections, Phoenicia Prima (mostly modern Lebanon), with its capital at Tyre, and Phoenicia Secunda, with its capital at Damascus. Important Ancient Syrian Cities Doura EuroposThe first ruler of the Seleucid dynasty founded this city along the Euphrates. It came under the Roman and Parthian rule, and fell under the Sassanids, possibly through an early use of chemical warfare. Archaeologists have uncovered religious venues in the city for practitioners of Christianity, Judaism, and Mithraism. Emesa (Homs)Along the Silk Route after Doura Europos and Palmyra. It was the home of the Roman emperor Elagabalus. HamahLocated along the Orontes between Emesa and Palmyra. A Hittite center and capital of the Aramaean kingdom. Named Epiphania, after the Seleucid monarch Antiochus IV. AntiochNow a part of Turkey, Antioch lies along the Orontes River. It was founded by Alexanders general Seleucus I Nicator. PalmyraThe city of palm trees was located in the desert along the Silk Route. Became part of the Roman Empire under Tiberius. Palmyra was the home of the third century A.D Roman-defying queen Zenobia. DamascusCalled the oldest continually occupied city in the word and is the capital of Syria. Pharaoh Thutmosis III and later the Assyrian Tiglath Pileser II conquered Damascus. Rome under Pompey acquired Syria, including Damascus.Decapolis AleppoA major caravan stopping point in Syria on the road to Baghdad is in competition with Damascus as the oldest continually occupied city in the world. It was a major center of Christianity, with a large cathedral, in the Byzantine Empire. Major ethnic groups The major ethnic groups that migrated to ancient Syria were Akkadians, Amorites, Canaanites, Phoenicians, and Arameans. Syrian Natural Resources To the fourth millennium Egyptians and third millennium Sumerians, the Syrian coastland was the source of the softwoods, cedar, pine, and cypress. The Sumerians also went to Cilicia, in the northwest area of Greater Syria, in pursuit of gold and silver, and probably traded with the port city of Byblos, which was supplying Egypt with resin for mummification. Ebla The trade network may have been under the control of the ancient city Ebla, an independent Syrian kingdom that exerted power from the northern mountains to Sinai. Located 64 km (42 mi) south of Aleppo, about halfway between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates. Tell Mardikh is an archaeological site in Ebla that was discovered in 1975. There, archaeologists found a royal palace and 17,000 clay tablets. Epigrapher Giovanni Pettinato found a Paleo-Canaanite language on the tablets that was older than Amorite, which had previously been considered the oldest Semitic language. Ebla conquered Mari, the capital of Amurru, which spoke Amorite. Ebla was destroyed by a great king of the southern Mesopotamian kingdom of Akkad, Naram Sim, in 2300 or 2250. The same great king destroyed Arram, which may have been an ancient name for Aleppo. Accomplishments of the Syrians The Phoenicians or Canaanites produced the purple dye for which they are named. It comes from mollusks that lived along the Syrian coast. The Phoenicians created a consonantal alphabet in the second millennium in the kingdom of Ugarit (Ras Shamra). They brought their 30-letter abecedary to the Aramaeans, who settled Greater Syria at the end of the 13th century B.C. This is the Syria of the Bible. They also founded colonies, including Carthage on the north coast of Africa where modern Tunis is located. The Phoenicians are credited with discovering the Atlantic Ocean. The Aramaeans opened trade to southwest Asia and set up a capital in Damascus. They also built a fortress at Aleppo. They simplified the Phoenician alphabet and made Aramaic the vernacular, replacing Hebrew. Aramaic was the language of Jesus and the Persian Empire. Conquests of Syria Syria was not only valuable but vulnerable since it was surrounded by many other powerful groups. In about 1600, Egypt attacked Greater Syria. At the same time, Assyrian power was growing to the east and Hittites were invading from the north. Canaanites in coastal Syria who intermarried with the indigenous people producing the Phoenicians probably fell under the Egyptians, and the Amorites, under the Mesopotamians. In the 8th century B.C., the Assyrians under Nebuchadnezzar conquered the Syrians. In the 7th century, the Babylonians conquered the Assyrians. The next century, it was the Persians. At the death of Alexander, Greater Syria came under the control of Alexanders general Seleucus Nicator, who first established his capital on the Tigris River at Seleucia, but then following the Battle of Ipsus, moved it into Syria, at Antioch. Seleucid rule lasted for 3 centuries with its capital at Damascus. The area was now referred to as the kingdom of Syria. Greeks colonizing in Syria created new cities and expanded trade into India. Sources: The Library of Congress - SYRIA - A Country Study, Data as of April 1987Supplemental: [www.syriatourism.org/] Syria - Ministry of TourismSyrian CitiesA Manual of Geographical Science: Ancient Geography, by W. L. Bevan (1859).

Policy brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy brief - Essay Example There is an acute shortage of nursing faculty across all the states in the US as Fox (2013) reports "Shortage of professors is curbing the capacity of nursing schools to crank out graduates with advanced degrees†. More baccalaureate degree-holder nurses are required from the view point of achieving higher enrollees for doctoral programs as well. IOM say that almost half the nursing workforce is likely to retire in couple of years. The proportion of ageing population over age 65 is steadily going up creating further strain on quality care. Reforms in healthcare system will bring millions of people under healthcare system requiring more nurses to provide needed healthcare in hospitals. It is important to note that the US Army, Air force, and Navy need nurses with baccalaureate degree. Even the Veterans Health Administration too needs nurses with a baccalaureate degree for further advancement in the job. According to Lavis et al. (2009), it is important to know whether increasing the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree to 80 percent by 2020 is an important issue for policy makers in the process to enhance healthcare for people. This issue is highly relevant in the sense that baccalaureate degree-holder nurses by 2020 in the US is important for several reasons that include changing demographics where in proportion of aged above 65 is steadily increasing due to rising age at birth in the US and secondly the goal is to enhance quality care for its citizens. Baccalaureate degree nurses (BSN) play an important role in preventive care. Being trained in public community health and management the BSN nurses are more suited for several functions that include manager, patient educator, public health, discharge coordinator. Obama administration lays a special emphasis on preventive measures and Public Health Departments are provided increased funding support from the administration. The BSN-prepared public health nurses are most suited for

American Music and Protest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Music and Protest - Essay Example In essence, artists such as Haggard, Sandler, Dylan and Lennon used music to express what they were going through as a reaction to what they saw their society go through. Music became a medium of expression for all manner of thought and emotions to go beyond the common feelings of love and sorrow towards more complex emotional states such as regretting the actions of a nation or taking the death of innocents in stride. As discussed by (Rodnitzky,1999, Pg. 56), â€Å"Protest music began as a merger of topical political songs and union songs†. Protest music certainly did not become a mainstream genre of music but there were several notable songs which can be discussed with regard to how some musicians saw war protestors and how they reacted to the idea of war. With war, comes support for the war or protests against the war and it is about these very war protestors that Merl Haggard’s Okie from Muskogee has been performed. Haggard seems to have no patience with the individuals who were protesting against the war in Vietnam since the first line of the song makes it clear that people in Muskogee don’t smoke Marijuana. Similarly, Haggard mentions that the taking of LSD and burning draft cards is only an activity such protesters would engage in. The image of the war protester given by Haggard is a person who is promiscuous, and behaves as the hippies do in San Francisco. In comparison Haggard takes the city of Muskogee in Oklahoma to be a city where people remain patriotic even if they do not believe in the war. They may protest, but they are not against American cultural or social values as noted in the song, â€Å"We dont smoke marijuana in Muskogee;/ And we dont take our trips on LSD. (Haggard, 1969, Pg. 1)†. In fact, even famous protest song writers recognize that by leading people to do something, the performers may actually become what they hate. As discussed by Peddie (2006), remaining true to the ideals was difficult for Dylan himself who

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

English - Essay Example In some instances, the symptoms come and go irregularly making predictions of the signs difficult. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), between the ages of ten and twenty-four years, mental illnesses lead to nearly all disabilities. Symptoms of mental illnesses are managed through medication or psychotherapy and some can be eliminated. In other people, the illness may make periodic occurrences meaning such people remain under treatment for their entire lives. The most common types of mental illnesses are schizophrenia disorders, mood disorders and anxiety disorders (Tulchinsky & Varavikova, 2009). Mentally Ill and Disabled Young people between the ages of sixteen to twenty four have the highest prevalence to mental illnesses, which is at one in four people. In the oldest age group, between seventy-five and eighty-five years, the prevalence declines to about one in twenty. This implies that young people do not have the abilities of coping with stress as compared to the ol der and mature people. In addition, some social factors have an effect on mental illness among individuals. These include marital status, education level, and unemployment. Higher levels of education result in better life. This is because the highly educated are more likely to find better paying jobs and this makes their lives comfortable. The largest population of men that is affected by mental disorders is between the ages sixteen and thirty-four. In women, the most affected population is between sixteen and twenty four years of age (Godan et al, 2008). Babies born prematurely, especially those born at less than thirty-two weeks of gestation have higher chances of being hospitalized with delusional and schizophrenia disorders. This can be attributed to the fact that such babies’ brains are not fully developed and as a result, they cannot cope with the world’s stress. Men and women experience the same levels of mental illnesses although the rates are highest in both s ingle men and women. Separated and married people have higher probabilities of developing mental illness than married people. Women have higher probabilities of experiencing anxiety and depression disorders while men are more likely to experience substance abuse disorders. Men have higher chances, more than twice likely to experience substance abuse disorders as compared to women. Alcohol is the most abused as compared to other drugs. The number of men and women who have schizophrenia is even but women experience later onsets, better recovery and fewer times of illnesses (Godan et al, 2008). Race affects the way people have an outlook of life. This means that some people, because of their race are not happy with life and this increase the chances of falling mentally ill. African-Americans, Hispanics and Asia-Americans have higher probabilities of becoming mentally ill than Caucasians. About twenty-five percent of African Americans are uninsured and cannot have access to quality ment al healthcare. Stigma associated with mental disorders keeps many African-Americans away from seeking any form of treatment. This implies that the number of African-Americans suffering from mental illnesses is high as compared to Caucasians. African-Americans who seek for treatment have higher chances of terminating it prematurely than their Caucasians counterparts. In addition, African-Americans have hi

Contemporary Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Management - Essay Example In this study, we will tackle how Amazon.com, a leading online seller of books and reading materials, advance its business strategies in a global scale applying theory contemporary management in reaching its market goals effectively. This paper will specifically (a) analyze effective management and the evolution of management’s ideation; (b) analyze effects, influences and changes from numerous factors using theory of contemporary management; (c) examine how management theory can be optimized in Amazon.com’s organization; (d) evaluate the significance and impact of information technologies in contemporary business operation; and finally, (e) appreciate how information systems are optimized to support Amazon.com’s management’s decision-making. Theories of Management Contemporary business management is distinguished by some significant factors with other theories of management. The latter is inclusive of scientific, bureaucratic management, human relations m ovement and progressive management development (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Scientific management theory, which is more widely practiced in the 18th to mid-19th centuries by then emerging large industries, deals with routinary tasks in the manufacturing industries (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). ... 1). The dehumanizing and enslaving relations at workplaces under these management theories motivated workers to deliberate their rights and fought for human relations movement to improve their situations in work places (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Impelled by labor unrest and uprisings, workers demanded for business management that respects their skills, capacities and intelligence (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). They asserted, as reflected with corporate behaviorism, that organizational integrity and development could only be attained if workers rights and needs are considered by the companies (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Bolstered by these movements, workers were capacitated, coached, and mentored for their career development and supervisory skills acquisition (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Most workers were sent to school to acquire knowledge on effective business operation and human resource management (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Nowadays, companies embraced contemporary management which is featured with con tingency, systems and chaos theories (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). The first theory contended that the management assume the power of decision-makings using frameworks and approaches with better leadership styles (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). Contemporary leadership adopts the confluence of transformational, transactional, principle-centered and charismatic styles to manage human resources to ascertain that they are well-motivated to meet goals while engaging clients for their respective service satisfaction (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). On the other hand, systems theory extols functional systematic operational procedures laid for workers in business operations and in human resource management (McNamara, 2012, p. 1). The system includes regular meetings, planning, implementation, monitoring,

5S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

5S - Essay Example The lean philosophy has a number of processes that make it a good strategy to deal with modern issues in the construction industry. The philosophy looks to make sure that there are efficiencies in the workplace and that engineers avoid waste in construction projects. In the construction industry, the lean philosophy can be useful in avoiding two types of wastes. First, it can be useful in avoiding time wastage and materials wastage. This is when the firm follows the five codes of the 5S philosophy. In any construction site, order and standardization lead to less time wastage. Those working in the site are able to access the tools and the materials they need for a specific task in order to make sure that there is no wastage of material and time. The principle is that any unnecessary material and processes must be at minimum or eliminated from the site and the process of work. This helps in ensuring that there is no wastage of time as well as materials. In efficient management of the construction engineering, it is necessary for only the materials that are necessary for a project to be used in order to make sure that the construction workers can access these materials they require when they need them. This helps in tow major ways. To begin with, the unnecessary materials in any construction site are not there in two main ways. If the item being under construction does not need certain materials, these materials should to be included. For instance, with the use of reinforced concrete, the engineers are able to eliminate the use of excessive materials and this makes it easy for them to complete the project with minimal materials. This kind of minimalism is necessary for modern projects because materials are not only expensive but are also scares. As Ogunbiyi, Oladapo, and Goulding (2013) argue in their article, the modern construction engineer must be able to know that the sources of materials for construction is now a competition. With

Hamlet William Shakespeare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hamlet William Shakespeare - Research Paper Example Claudius ascends to the throne after King Hamlet’s death and marries Gertrude, Prince Hamlet’s mother. In itself, psychoanalytic perspective is attributed to the Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856- 23 September 1939). Psychoanalytic perspective is a method of personality in which dream interpretation, free association and analysis of transference and resistance are expended in unconscious and repressed impulses, internal conflicts and anxieties. The theory can also be used understand personality and it is emphatic on unconscious and repressed forces and is inclusive of concepts such as infantile sexuality, transference, resistance and the division of the human psyche into the ego, the id and the superego. Put simply, Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective or theory considers the structure of the mind, specifically, the id (the set of instinctual and uncoordinated trends), the ego (the realistic and organised part which mediates between the desires of the super ego and the id) and the superego (performs the moralising and critical role) and the manner in which conflict among these separate parts get resolved in determining or shaping human personality. For one, from the play, one understands that Hamlet’s ego is very strong. This is seen in the manner in which Hamlet is first reluctant of judging his uncle Claudius of being guilty of his father’s death. This is despite the fact that King Hamlet’s ghost had already appeared to Prince Hamlet and informed him that King Hamlet had been killed by Claudius who poured juice of the cursed hebenon in King Hamlet’s ear and thus caused Hamlet’s skin to be covered in loathsome and vile crust and his blood to curd. It is against the backdrop of the development above that Hamlet crafts a plan to have the evidence of Claudius’ culpability to his father’s death. Hamlet makes and stages a play which simulates King Hamlet’s death. Hamlet’s

5S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

5S - Essay Example The lean philosophy has a number of processes that make it a good strategy to deal with modern issues in the construction industry. The philosophy looks to make sure that there are efficiencies in the workplace and that engineers avoid waste in construction projects. In the construction industry, the lean philosophy can be useful in avoiding two types of wastes. First, it can be useful in avoiding time wastage and materials wastage. This is when the firm follows the five codes of the 5S philosophy. In any construction site, order and standardization lead to less time wastage. Those working in the site are able to access the tools and the materials they need for a specific task in order to make sure that there is no wastage of material and time. The principle is that any unnecessary material and processes must be at minimum or eliminated from the site and the process of work. This helps in ensuring that there is no wastage of time as well as materials. In efficient management of the construction engineering, it is necessary for only the materials that are necessary for a project to be used in order to make sure that the construction workers can access these materials they require when they need them. This helps in tow major ways. To begin with, the unnecessary materials in any construction site are not there in two main ways. If the item being under construction does not need certain materials, these materials should to be included. For instance, with the use of reinforced concrete, the engineers are able to eliminate the use of excessive materials and this makes it easy for them to complete the project with minimal materials. This kind of minimalism is necessary for modern projects because materials are not only expensive but are also scares. As Ogunbiyi, Oladapo, and Goulding (2013) argue in their article, the modern construction engineer must be able to know that the sources of materials for construction is now a competition. With

Creational Design Patterns in Detailed Design and Design Logic Essay

Creational Design Patterns in Detailed Design and Design Logic Patterns - Essay Example The benefit from this is that it allows creation of new derived types without requiring any changes to code that use base class. Factory method is a popular creational design pattern in object-oriented programming and it helps to put into practice the concept of factories. The design pattern may be specifically used to deal with problem of object creation without specifying exact number of object classes that would be created. This method is used when object creation and reuse becomes impossible without duplication of code (Otero, pp.188-189). It is a popular object creation software design pattern that aims to find solution to telescopic constructor anti pattern. This phenomenon of anti-pattern occurs when increase of constructor object parameter leads to list of exponential constructors. Thus, instead of using frequent constructors the builder pattern uses another builder object that takes initialization parameter sequentially returns resultant output object at once. It is a creational design pattern in the field of software development that is popularly used when object type is determined from prototype instance cloned for producing new objects. Abstract classes are required to implement this pattern that uses pure virtual clone method (Otero, pp.201-203). In software engineering, this design pattern restricts classes to be instantiated to objects. The pattern is very useful when one object needs to coordinate actions across system. The pattern generalizes systems that operates more efficiently with single object and restricts instantiation up to limited number of objects. It organizes business logic by particular routines handling single request from presentation layer and is the most common way of writing applications for beginners. Language semantics can be used to identify and express tasks and common routines may be broken into

The Crucible language essay Essay Example for Free

The Crucible language essay Essay The Crucible by Arthur Miller fits into the genre of a Realism. Its time period is set in the late 1600s. Thus the language used in the script is archaic and realistic for the time period it is set. The images that The Crucible creates in the minds of the audience (although infrequent) are enlarged and exaggerated; Danforth declares he would hang ten thousand that dared to rise against the law and an ocean of salt tears could not melt the resolution of the statutes John Proctor describes his farm as a continent and his wifes behaviour as an everlasting funeral. This enhances the imagery in the minds of an audience. The play is of a naturalistic theme, but in the language Miller can be surreal. In order to make the audience aware of what is happening elsewhere than the scene (within naturalistic conversation) the characters discuss the events that are going on in the town, this is known as Reported action for example Abigail says to Paris Uncle the rumour of witchcraft is all about this is a form of narrative for the audience who cannot leave the present scene on stage. Miller used the actual court records from the witchcraft trials to influence his wording in the script. He studied these in great detail and attempted to use accurate dialect from this time period. However Miller admits that without planning to, he elaborated a few of the grammatical forms, particularly the double negatives. Another influential source for the use of language in The Crucible, which Miller referred too is the king James (authorised) version of the bible. When Proctors wife, Elizabeth, describes to him the effect Abigail has on the court room, imagery is used from the Old Testament of the bible saying and where she walks the crowd will part like the sea for Israel. The fact that everyone inside the play uses the same archaic speech, for example all the men are referred to as mister and the women goody short for goody wife, distances a twenty first century people; it gives the feeling of a diverse society from our own. Even though they are in America the characters do not speak with an American accent as they are still fairly early settlers in the country and sound British. In the script there are distinctive speech patterns enforced by Miller. The servants/slaves in the play use bad grammar for they are low status and uneducated for example Mercy, Proctors servant, says to him I best be off. I have my Ruth to watch. In contrast to Paris the town pastor who has high status, he uses proper wording e. g. you compromise my very character. I have put clothes upon your back and Proctor who is a farmer uses rough language like Ill show you a great doing on your arse one of these days. and uses abbreviations for instance Ah, youre wicked yet, arent y! by this language you can tell hes a bit of a farmer. Various colloquial phrases no longer used like there be no blush about my name and I say shut it both said by Abigail who is an orphan living with her Uncle, Paris. The Proctors farm is big and further away from the town and when he describes it as a continent that indicates to the audience its size and setting. There is not a lot of imagery in The Crucible and this is because it is a naturalistic play and in real life people dont usually go around trying to create imagery in their speech. Although, Miller does use repetition recurrently, particularly the words witchcraft, God and pretence which are the main themes of the play. These words play on the subconscious minds of the audience. God is dead is a widely-quoted and sometimes a misconstrued statement by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It is found in some of Nietzsches classic work. God is dead is not meant literally, as in God is now physically dead; rather, it is Nietzsches way of saying that the idea of God is no longer capable of acting as a source of any moral code or teleology. Proctor speaks this statement in the last act of the play when he is bound in prison, he is completely battered by his fellow Salemers and he cant believe what cruelty human beings are capable of. Miller makes Proctor say this because that is what he himself is thinking along with a lot of other people at that time of McCarthyism. In the beginning scene of Act two involving Proctor and Elizabeth there is significant language used. To begin with their language is not the same as a modern audiences, their grammar is different; I were planting far out to the forest edge this makes it harder for the audience to relate to the characters. We are reminded of their religion when Proctor says they should pray now for a fair summer. The couple use simple, short sentences when talking to one another, which show conflict Are you well today? I am . it is a rabbit this conveys the tension between them. Proctor uses ominous metaphors in his speech for example Lilac is the smell of nightfall and Its warm as blood beneath the clods. This hints at the blood shed to come. When Proctor rebukes his wife for letting their servant go to Salem he repeats again that it was a fault this enforces his point of authority. Proctor compares their servant to a mouse making Elizabeth, who seemingly cant stand up to her, look even more pathetic. The word God keeps being repeated throughout the scene making an audience think of sin, religion and punishment. More biblical references are made when Goody Proctor states that where she walks the crowd will part like the sea for Israel. Meaning Abigail who apparently has much power at the court, which the audience has found out about through the couples reported action in their conversation. Proctor: Oh, it is a black mischief. Again with the ominous wording. Proctor tells Elizabeth he will think on it referring to testifying in court about Abigail, Elizabeth repeats this statement let you think on it her repeating this is mocking and disrespectful to John. Proctor retorts calling her Women which is equally demeaning which is what Miller was aiming for. When in argument with his wife proctor talks formally compared to how he spoke before I have good reason to think before I charge fraud on Abigail this is unfriendly, in comparison to how he spoke to Abigail his former lover, and similar to a parent using their childs full name when reprimanding them. An everlasting funeral marches round your heart Proctor tells Elizabeth, this again is ominous and he is foreseeing his own death at the end of the play. Proctor compares his wife to a court judge. Imagery for the audience when he says her justice would freeze beer! Miller uses a rich variety of language techniques in the play/script of The Crucible, which communicate narrative, form and content to the observer, which have just been described previously, above.

An MBA Graduate Defined Essay -- essays research papers

An MBA Graduate Defined An MBA is a degree awarded to individuals who complete required coursework in the field of Management Science. The MBA title stands for Master of Business Administration and implies that the person holding the degree is qualified to hold a position in senior management within a firm. An MBA manager is similar to the captain of a ship. He is responsible for making decisions and plans about the firm and for controlling the firm’s employees. The goal of an MBA manager is to maximise the firm’s value through the use of the firm’s tangible and intangible assets. He maximises this value by obtaining the highest Profits possible. In the following discussion, I will examine how senior management in general and MBA graduates in particular can use the field of Managerial Accounting to make decisions/plan and control employees in order to maximise Profits. For clarity throughout this essay, senior managers and MBA graduates should be considered as one in the same. Managerial Accounting Defined Managerial Accounting is the process of using information systems to provide data to senior managers who then use this data for decision-making/planning and monitoring employee performance in order to maximise profits. The data that senior managers use is supplied by the Financial Accounting function. This information is used to improve the performance of the Marketing function, which generally provides the Revenue of the firm and the Operations function, which generally incurs most operating costs. Marketing and Operations are thus the functional areas which an MBA graduate is generally concerned. Managerial Accounting is vital to a business’s success because it quantifies a firm’s performance. By quantifying certain performance variables, senior management can carry out its two most important functions: 1) Decision-Making/Planning and 2) Controlling Employee Behaviour. The Theory of the Firm tells us that a business exists to maximise the value of equity investors have supplied. Profits result from decisions about what items to produce and sell (Marketing) and planning what inputs are necessary for this production and distribution activity (Operations). Value maximisation results from maximising Revenue and minimising Total Costs. In business, resources are always limited or finite. Therefore, they must be employed in the most economical and produc... ... Statement. Suppose senior management has noticed a decrease in profits for the lemon-lime soda the firm produces. By examining the Financial Accounting data they have found an unexpected increase in the cost of lime flavoring that is used because a supplier of the product has gone out of business. Here, an MBA manager must make a decision about alternative sources available for the flavoring input and as always look to buy it at a lower price. Once again, Financial Accounting data (cost information from the Income Statement) has been used by senior managers to solve a planning/decision-making problem within the Operations function. Summary In conclusion, Managerial Accounting is process MBA graduate managers can use to gain insight into planning/decision-making and employee control. The process involves examining Financial Accounting data and then applying that information to maximize Profits through the Marketing and Operations functions. Specifically, maximizing Revenue in Marketing and minimizing Costs Operationally. Managerial Accounting is scientific in its approach rather than intuitive and should be used by MBA graduates interested in maximizing the value of their firm.

David Foster Wallace in Doubletakes Essay -- David foster Wallace Doub

David Foster Wallace in Doubletakes The one author whose style I could appreciate most and who I could connect with best in â€Å"Doubletakes† was David Foster Wallace. His ability to capture one moment that most people would normally take for granted and to freeze this moment like it is occurring in slow motion, taking into account all five human senses (touch, sight, smell, taste and hearing), color imagery, similes, metaphors and all of his unique description of the scenes surrounding the actions of the main character really make him stand out in my mind. By taking an event so seemingly trivial (for example the act of climbing up and jumping off of a diving board in Forever Overhead), Wallace forces his readers to appreciate all aspects of life, especially the minor details. This is what appeals most to me about Wallace because I too like to point out small, seemingly insignificant events in my writing and put them under a microscope so to force the reader to think more seriously about mundane actions. Wallace’s characterization is fairly simple on the surface, as he seems to ...

Epidemics in Colonial America

John Duffy, a true historian, contributed immensely to the history of medicine by publishing his research in the form of his first book ‘Epidemics in Colonial America. ’ Duffy continued to write other books as well but this particular one stood as a landmark in his career, facilitating all those interested in the field of medicine. In writing this book, Duffy’s primary goal was to clarify epidemic diseases in order of importance and show their direct and indirect effects on colonial development.He showed how the health environment is important for economic outcomes and that there is a direct effect of health conditions on income and an indirect effect on institutions. There is clearly no ‘hidden’ goal or aim of the author and whatever he has intended to show is pretty apparent and understandable. His book is more on the lines of medical history/ economic impact and is more descriptive and explanatory than theoretical.‘Epidemics in Colonial Ameri ca’ provides, in detail, the history of disease epidemics in America and guides the reader through the years of epidemics to show how the outbreak of various diseases effected the development of colonial America. The book explains how epidemic diseases have been affected, and vice verse, have affected the isolation of rural societies, changing economic conditions, varied work conditions and the factors determining poverty and wealth. BodyThe seventeenth century is identified as the period when epidemics were fairly limited in their impact as the interaction between the people of different colonies was minimum and communities were more isolated than they would be in the future. As a result any disease would remain localized to the people of a particular community and not become an epidemic. However, the situation progressively changed by the end of the eighteenth century when there was more commercialized activity/economy. The increased mobility and urbanization led to a great er threat of epidemics spreading from the rural areas.The situation obviously worsened by the end of the nineteenth century as mobility was further improved and there was increased urbanization. The poor urban centers began experiencing high death rates from diseases like cholera, tuberculosis etc that were endemic in cities like New York, Boston, Philadelphia and New Orleans. Yellow Fever, Smallpox, malaria, hookworm infection, beri-beri, Typhoid and Dysentry, and Idiocy are amongst the epidemic diseases in colonial America. The detail of each, along with its effects has been given in the book.The impact of the mosquito borne diseases, Yellow fever and malaria, was greater on the colonists of Jamestown as compared to that in New England. Yellow Fever came from Barbados and spread in Philadelphia and New York, and later on in Boston. Thousands of people fell victim to the disease and several left afflicted areas. As is the case with other epidemics, business activity came to a stand still, unemployment rose along with the death rate. People who chose to stay in the afflicted areas had to take severe precautionary measures, but to little effect.They would shut themselves in their homes and keep the sick isolated from the rest in mosquito nets. The period of the disease is almost one week, by the end of which the person either dies or recovers and becomes immune to it. However, the instances of recovery were little and as history tells us, several hours of work had to be put in just to bury the dead. The Yellow Fever epidemic in 1793 killed around 5,000 people in Philadelphia, which is approximately 10% of its population.Moving on, Small Pox was introduced in America by the European colonists and effected the native Americans the most as they had little immunity to the disease because of having very little or no exposure to it. The entire native American population was swept off by the disease and as Duffy quotes a letter by a South Carolina resident in his book which says that Small Pox swept away a whole neighboring [Indian] nation, all to 5 or 6 which ran away and left their dead unburied. In the book, Duffy also describes it by saying that the epidemic in 1738 killed one half of the Cherokee Indians near Charleston.The effect of such an epidemic was reduced resistance to western expansion in the U. S. In another reported incident, some U. S Army men distributed blankets that had been used by smallpox and measles victims, to Indian tribes that also immediately fell prey to the diseases. The small pox epidemic was this disastrous because of its highly contagious nature and the fact that it spreads through even minimum human contact. It can choke the nostrils and also cause blindness. Prevention efforts were made by colonists who tried using isolation and inoculation, a controversial procedure introduced in Boston in 1721.The patient was injected with a mild form of the disease for a short while to create immunity and antibodies to counter the virus. As a result, a person would get the disease for a shorter while as compared to if they had gotten the disease naturally. A more crude form of this procedure was practiced by the African Americans and was called ‘variolation. ’ The practice consisted of transferring the pus or the scabs from the wounds of the already-affected people and injecting them in the open wounds of unaffected people in order to create immunity.Malaria was also one of the epidemics in the U. S. It became one of the significant diseases of the colonial times as it spread from Maryland to Alabama, Georgia, Missouri and Mexico. The mosquito parasite began spreading faster a s virgin soil was introduced in Carolina and the Blacks were available as victims for the mosquitoes. The parasite then gradually spread to the whites and eventually became an epidemic. The Hookworm infection was another one of the diseases, starting from Florida and Louisiana.The Hookworm parasite spread through the m oist soils from Virginia and just like Malaria, the Native American slaves were its carriers. The Beri-Beri disease, a simple deficiency of vitamin B, on the other hand was curable to a great extent. One of the most widely spread diseases, Tuberculosis, remained a highlight of the nineteenth century as it became very common amongst the people of rural areas and also the poor people of urban areas. Its airborne nature accounted for the high number of people who were affected by the disease and it took several decades for doctors to come up with a counter to this disease.Duffy’s book mentions other diseases and their effects on America as well but the ones mentioned above were the most significant ones. They hold great importance in maki9ng the present what it is today as they left a lot for the human race to learn from in terms of medical advances. Conclusion The outbreaks of epidemics not only affected the western expansion but also halted the functioning of many cities in Am erica. People were unwilling to work at the risk of their health and lives and therefore businesses and industries collapsed as unemployment rose.The economy fell and people preferred staying indoors to protect themselves. Education, industry, economy, agriculture and every other structure fell prey to the epidemics that hit the U. S. Local outbreaks became epidemics of a national nature as the transport systems developed and coastal trade began. The nineteenth century saw water and airborne diseases spreading throughout the U. S as poor sewage systems, dirty drinking water and poor food quality etc added to the spread. Eventually, the life expectancy of an average American greatly fell.On a more positive note, these epidemics had a great lesson to teach as far as the knowledge of medicine is concerned. It helped modern medicine develop into what it is today and facilitated doctors dealing with patients suffering from similar diseases to a great extent. Even though these disease wer e thought as a punishment for the sins that had been committed by the people, its positive aspect should not be ignored. ‘Epidemics in Colonial America’ is a significant addition to the literature of medicine and the efforts of John Duffy should be recognized for the immense help that they are.Duffy has remained successful in his attempts of creating awareness regarding the diseases that have struck colonial America in the past and has effectively shown their effects on the people, their incomes, the environment and the development of the United States. The details in the book help paint a fairly adequate picture of the colonial years and make it easy for one to imagine the magnitude of the diseases that occurred. Therefore, it is safe to say that Duffy succeeded in his efforts and should be remembered for them. Reference Duffy, John. Epidemics in Colonial America. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1953.

Abigail Adams – Short Essay

Former first lady, writer. Born Abigail Smith on November 22, 1744, (by the Gregorian calendar we use today) in Weymouth, Massachusetts. Abigail Adams is best known as the wife of President John Adams and for her extensive correspondence. She was also the mother of John Quincy Adams who became the sixth president of the United States. The daughter of a minister, she was a devoted reader, studying the works of William Shakespeare and John Milton among others. Adams did not, however, attend school, which was common for girls at the time. In 1761, she met a lawyer named John Adams.Three years later, the couple married and soon welcomed their first child, a daughter named Abigail, in 1765. Their family continued to grow with the addition of John Quincy in 1767, Susanna in 1768, Charles in 1770, and Thomas Boylston in 1772. Sadly, Susanna died as a toddler and later the family suffered another tragedy when Abigail delivered a stillborn daughter in 1777. With a busy law practice, her husba nd spent a lot of time away from home. This situation only worsened as John Adams became an active member of the American Revolution and the Revolutionary War.As a result, the couple spent a lot of time apart. She was also left to carry much of the burden at home, raising their children and caring for the family farm. The couple remained closed by corresponding with each other. It is believed that they exchanged more than 1,100 letters. Abigail Adams expressed concern about how the new government would treat women. In one of her many letters to her husband, she requested that he â€Å"Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands.Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If perticuliar care and attention is not paid to the Laidies we are determined to foment a Rebelion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation. † Odd s pellings aside, Abigail Adams often expressed her thoughts on political matters with her husband. Throughout his career, Abigail had served an unofficial advisor to him. Their letters show him seeking her counsel on many issues, including his presidential aspirations.Adams remained a supportive spouse and confidante after her husband became the president in 1797. Some critics objected to Abigail’s influence over her husband, calling her â€Å"Mrs. President. † The nation’s second first lady kept a busy schedule when she was in Philadelphia, the country’s capitol at the time. Adams rose early to tend to family and household matters and spent much of the remainder of the day receiving visitors and hosting events. She still spent a lot of time back in Massachusetts because of her health.Around the time her husband was defeated by Thomas Jefferson in the 1800 election, the Adams learned of the death of their second son Charles, which was related to his alcoho lism. With great sadness, the Adams soon moved to the country’s new capitol, Washington, D. C. , where they became the first residents of the White House. Abigail Adams wrote many letters to family around this time, shedding light on the early days of the new capital and complaining about the unfinished state of their new home.A few months later, after John Adams left office in 1801, they returned to their family farm. With John now retired, the couple was able to spend more time together. She continued to run the farm and to care for the family members, including their eldest child, Nabby (young Abigail’s nickname), who died of cancer at their home in 1814. Struggling with her own health for decades, Abigail Adams had a stroke in October 1818 and died at home with her family on October 28, 1818.

India; vernacular architectures

IntroductionIndia is huge in civilization and traditions, nature, faiths, linguistic communications rich with historical memorials with common architectures. Taj Mahal is one such wonderous memorial constructions built by ShahJahan as grave in memory of his idolized married woman, Mumtaj Mahal. Taj Mahal is renowned for its glorious Indo-Islamic architectural presence in manner, form, colour, location of the memorial and stuff used to build it. It is one of the 8th admiration of universe ‘s celebrated memorials and appreciated by its visitants ‘ involvements for their penetration into its civilization, clip and history of the memorial. Therefore, Taj Mahal architecture can be renowned as the largest theoretical account combination of the derived function of Byzantine, Persian, Indian and Islamic architecture. The Indo-Islamic architecture takes live in signifier with the slave dynasty in India. It is credited to Mughal dynasty in Pakistan and India, the field of humanistic disciplines and architecture who gave particular attention to raise historical memorials in India. The earliest memorials what we find in India are the recycled stuff of the bing Jain, Buddha and Hindu memorials. The Islamic architecture was so fostered by the Delhi Sultanate and achieved excellence by the Mughal parts.The Background of Islamic Architecture in IndiaThe Iranian dynasties dating back to 500 BCE has seen many Islamic religion dynasties. Throughout the opinion dynasties, Persia ( modern Iran ) has modeled as centre for many art, architecture, poesy and doctrine. Persia is good known for its trade since pre-historic times. The Silk Route acts as span between distant lands for trade, spiritual and material civilization. The concern besides spread to chief lands of cardinal Asia, including Armenia, Georgia, an d India. Persia has besides seen developmental foreparts in architecture which spread many Asiatic states as did concern excessively. The clime, the influence of people, â€Å" available stuff, spiritual intent and peripheral civilizations, and frequenters besides played a of import function in the development of architecture † ( Mehraby ) .The brilliant architectural edifices take inspiration from the landscape, snow-capped mountains, vales, and broad polishing fields which conceived and accomplished fresh thoughts for edifice artefacts while mountains serve both physical and mental beginnings of inspirations in Persian architecture.Thus, Beauty is regarded Godhead for ancient Iranian civilisations.The Architectural Intentions of the Taj MahalTaj Mahal traces its architecture as rooted with Islamic speculations. Though the Persian or the Islamic civilisation was non the first to concentrate their architecture on spiritual subjects, it was a strong characteristic among Byzantine design ers. The Byzantine Architecture records the spiritual edifices and their designs as accomplishments of the Byzantine Empire. The most singular illustration at Constantinople is Hagia Sophia, a Christian church at Constantinople ( the present Istanbul ) is a monolithic and cosmetic church represents the glorification of the Byzantine Empire. The architectural purposes besides note the power factor in Islamic architecture. The Islamic dynasties believe in distributing Islam and laud to God by jointing through mosques, unmatching historical memorials and castles of first-class beauty. To accomplish this, they desire and get power to patronage architecture. The Islamic architecture spread every bit far as Egypt and North Africa, Spain, and Persia. Then, they developed their alone manner by uniting the humanistic disciplines of the Byzantines, the Copts, the Romans, and the Sassanids. This alone manner specializes in blending the native design elements with imported 1s. Taj Mahal suffices this stance. The memories of Mumtaj Mahal are spread all over the universe typifying his love for her. The singularity of this memorial is its dome construction which is characteristic of Byzantine architecture. The abstract designs are notable of Iranian architecture, the flowered designs and picture goes to Safavid manner, the location of the edifice is besides an of import factor which wholly reiterates the presence of head Iranian architecture. Communicating spiritualty is yet another position attributed to Islamic Architecture. This position has been practiced among sages, philosophers, poets, and religious Masterss of Islamic states. The adherent of proliferating Islamic jurisprudence through the chase of cognition, contemplations on world of nature beyond visual aspect, disciplined supplication is besides reflected on their architecture. The rock flowers of the Taj Mahal gives a image of pragmatism intriguing â€Å" the visitant with their grace and colourful freshness † , ( Okado and Joshi ) . The Taj Mahal ‘s reference to â€Å" paradise can be seen in the motive of flowers carved on the funerary Chamberss of the mausoleum, every bit good as on the pedestals of the interior iwan † , where flowers and roses symbolize the Kingdom of Allah, ( Bin and Rasdi ) . The Byzantines ‘ architecture besides followed similar organizing rules. Whereas the Christian spiritual worship topographic point and its design corresponds to the faith. Therefore, symbolism besides played a important function in the development of the signifier of the memorials. During the Byzantine period the Church itself became a symbol of the religion. The maestro piece of Indo-Islamic Architectural manner, the beauty of the Taj Mahal, inspires legion creative persons from all over the universe. To this, Okada and Joshi ( 1993 ) relates to the four canals to the four rivers of Paradise referred in the Holy Qur'an. The symbolic nature of the garden and the canals at Taj Mahal is considered the sepulchral nature of the memorial and the Quran lettering located on the southern entryway wall of the chief Gate gives undeniable credibleness to the comparing of the Taj Mahal with the Garden of Paradise, this lettering says: ( It will be said to the pious ) : Oxygen ( you ) the one in ( complete ) remainder and satisfaction! Come back to your Lord, — well-pleased ( yourself ) and well-pleasing unto him! Enter you, so, among My esteemed slaves, And enter you My Eden! The Holy Qur'an,Surah Al-Fajr: 89:27-30 Therefore, it is noteworthy to see the pupils of Islamic architecture digesting Taj Mahal as an uncomparable memorial in Iranian beginning.The Architecture, Structure of Taj MahalThe Byzantine and Islamic architecture portion a common manner of architecture, the dome. The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is in response to the Islamic architecture which shows the influence of Byzantine architecture imparted as the dome manner passed on to the Islamic architecture. It is besides known as ‘Persian dome ‘ . Today, it is called the Onion Dome. This architecture promotion of the usage of dome is accredited formed a new manner in planetary architecture. The most famed illustration is the Taj Mahal ( A.D. 1630 ) built by Mughal Dynasty in India. But, this is non new to Indian architecture. The good known Buddhist Stupa at Sanchi, India 4th to 1st century BCE is â€Å" a commemorating memorial associated with preserving sacred relics. Not merely these, the Mauryan land ( c. 321-185 BCE ) in India besides fortify their metropoliss with Stupas, Viharas, and temples were constructed, † ( Kumar ) . The Taj Mahal consists of 16 Chamberss, eight Chamberss each on two degrees that contain the octangular funerary chamber overcome by a surbased inner dome. The funerary chamber consists of the grave of Mumtaj Mahal and Shah Jahan together, adorned by â€Å" a baluster of finely perforated marble and studded with semiprecious rocks, † ( Okado and Joshi ) . Iranis focused their attempts on reexamining their architecture in barrel vaulting, crenallated roofs, conelike squinches, large bricks, egg-shaped arches and different designed brick work or now and once more platerworks over bricks. Though the architecture is traced to 3000 old ages, the design elements of Iranian architecture like â€Å" high-arched portal set within a deferral, columns with bracket capitals, columned porch or talar, a dome on four arches, a huge egg-shaped arch in the entryway, a four iwan courtyard, early towers making up toward the sky, an interior tribunal and pool, an angled entryway and extended ornaments † display their typical structural designs, ( Mehraby ) .The StructureThe intended grave is made of big white marble construction standing on a square plinth beam consisting of a symmetrical edifice with an iwan ( arch-shaped room access ) presented with a big dome and finial at the top. Fran & A ; ccedil ; ois Bernier noted how â€Å" the Centre of every arch is adorned with white marble slabs whereon are inscribed big Arabian characters in black marble. † This construction titling reflects Iranian architecture. The base is multi-chambered regular hexahedron with chamfered corners making an unequal octagon of about 55 metres on all the four long sides. On each of these sides, a monolithic pishtaq, or a domed archway, frames the iwan with two likewise shaped, arched balconies stacked on either side organizing a symmetrical form on all sides of the edifice. There are four minarets frame the grave and the chief chamber houses the false Gravess of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan. The existent Gravess are located at a lower degree. The top of the dome is fancily decorated with a Nelumbo nucifera design. â€Å" The columned bases open through the roof of the grave and supply visible radiation to the inside. Tall cosmetic steeples ( guldastas ) extend from borders of base walls, and supply ocular accent to the tallness of the dome. The dome and chattris are topped by a aureate finial, which mixes traditional Persian and Hindu cosmetic elements, † ( Wiki ) . Even the term of office of Byzantine architecture, the find of pendentives and dome on pendentives changed the expertness for building churches and eased the process during the Byzantine period. The bronzy brand of Moon and its horns indicating upwards, the heavenward in trident form clearly indicates the commixture of Persian and Hindu ornaments. The symbolic significance can be derived as Hindu symbol of Shiva. â€Å" The minarets are 40 metres tall ; each minaret spliting into three equal parts by two working balconies surmounted by a chattri that mirrors the design of a Nelumbo nucifera design topped by a aureate finial, † ( Wiki ) . The subsequent Islamic architecture in India signifies in the signifier of Mosques and graves ‘ frontage beautification is the chief signifier. The development of the dome manner as called the basic regular hexahedron and hemisphere nomenclature in past architecture was subsequently brought into excellence at some phase in the Mughal Period. The experts say that Taj Mahal replicates Humayun ‘s grave before the design for Taj Mahal was formed. The best illustrations for the Indo-Islamic Architecture are the Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur, Agra Fort, Buland Darwaza, Qutab Minar and Safdarjang Tomb. Hambly ( 1964 ) writes the architecture of Taj Mahal to be of Safavid manner in his ‘Cities of Mughal India ‘ which accounts the astonishing factors of Mughal dynasty. Safavid is yet another dynasty which ruled Persia during 1499-1722 B.C.E. Safavid has great trade of finest plants of metal art works like weaponries, armour, candle base, helmets, imbibing vass, and wine bowls. Ruggiero notes the events during â€Å" the Safavids, webs of caravanserais were constructed † to ease transit and promote trade since Persia was concern centre for many states so, ( Hambly ) . The penmanship on the big pishtaq is definite work of Safavid. Anon says, the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan conferred â€Å" Amanat Khan † rubric for his work for his eye-popping virtuosity. This lettering from the Qu'ran can be found underneath the interior dome are the lettering, â€Å" Written by the insignificant being, Amanat Khan Shirazi. † . Not merely this, the penmanship found on the marble grave is attended in item and delicate.Historical, Societal and Cultural Importance of Islamic ArchitectureHaider ( 2002 ) surveies the Islamic architecture along the quadruple phenomenon activity of social deductions viz. , the brooding jussive mood, the functional jussive mood, the constructive jussive mood and aesthetic jussive mood ; these rules besides project our images, outlooks, definitions, and review of Islamic architecture. Functional importance of any edifice under this architecture marks as symbolic or a marker or an icon or a monument fundamental to continue the yearning recollections and hence, indicate significance of a society. If we can traverse these social manifestations against the architectural purposes, a more focussed and fecund treatment can be formed. Our survey on Taj Mahal is one such productive consequence of these traversing. If we can see Islam as faith and as historical discernible fact of power and backing and inclined to seek the aesthetic jussive mood and symbolic look in architecture, the focal point is more likely on Taj Mahal.DecisionThe Mughal tribunals established in Pakistan and India were occupied by poets and penmanship creative persons from Persia who took flight from their really small place state to fortune gaining in India. The buildings what we see of Mughal dynasty is the work of these Persians who were the particular counsel of the Mughal Empire who gave attending for really item to raise memorials for the populace to praise the Islamic architecture. The Islamic architecture holds its generousness in assorted memorials found largely in India. They portray their love for art and inturn to God. Their push to distribute the celebrity is noteworthy. We see every dynasty or the imperium have their ain set of values, civilizations and traditions. These impacts are besides good noticeable in their architectures. Therefore, the Islamic architecture is symbolic of the architecture they produce.Work CitedBooksAmina Okada and M.C. Joshi. ( 1993 ) . Taj Mahal. Abbeville imperativenessGuido Ruggiero. ( 2002 ) . A comrade to the universes of the Renaissance. Wiley-BlackwellRoger Savory. ( 2008 ) . Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University PressFran & A ; ccedil ; ois Bernier ( 1996 ) . Travels in the Mogul Empire 1656-1668. Asiatic Educational Service Raj Kumar. ( 2003 ) . Essaies on Indian art and architecture: History and civilization series. Discove ry publication houseJournalMohamad Tajuddin Bin and Haji Mohamad Rasdi. ( 2008 ) . Reconstructing the thought of Muslim architecture: reconstituting the academic model and design attack within the position of the Sunnah. The Journal of Architecture, 13:3 ( 6 ) . pp 297 – 315.Online BeginningsMehraby, Rahman. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.destinationiran.com/Architecture.htmOkado and Joshi. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/taj_mahal.htmlBin and Rasdi. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/taj_mahal.htmlAnon. â€Å" The Taj Mahal † . Islamic architecture. Islamic Arts and Architecture Organization. Accessed on 25 Nov 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/taj_mahal.html.General Information about Persian Architecture. Accessed on 25 Nov 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.destinationiran.com/Architecture.htmIntroduction of Islamic architecture to India . Accessed on 27 Nov 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.india9.com/i9show/Taj-Mahal-19777.htmByzantine Architecture. Accessed on 25 Nov 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //library.thinkquest.org/C005594/Medieval/byzantine.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_architecture