Ambiguity in Translation Essay

Abstract This paper deals with translation ambiguity and target polysemy problems together. many Words have more than one translation across languages. Such translation ambiguous words are generally translated more slowly and less Accurately than their unambiguous counterparts. Additionally, there are multiple source of translation ambiguity including within language semantic ambiguity and near synonymy, the present study examines the extent to which word context and translation dominance reduce the difficulties associated with translation ambiguity , using the primed stemming from the two source , especially translation ambiguity derived from semantic ambiguity (meaning translation ambiguity) and translation ambiguity derived from near synonymy (synonym translation ambiguity). Translation unambiguous pairs were recognized more quickly and accurately than translation ambiguous pairs. In this paper I have used qualitative and quantitative methods of research to investigate And describe ambiguities in the text translation. Key words: translation ambiguity – polysemy problems – ambiguous and unambiguous texts – qualitative and quantitative – semantic ambiguity . Introduction Ambiguity is a pervasive phenomenon in language which occurs at all levels of linguistic Analysis. Out of context, words have multiple sense and syntactic categories, requiring Listeners to determine which meaning and part of speech was intended. Morphemes may also be ambiguous out of context , as in English. Phonological forms are often mapped to multiple distinct word meaning, as in the homoPhonemes,( too , two and to). Syllables are almost always ambiguous in isolation , meanIngs that they can be interpreted as providing incomplete information about the word The speaker is intending to communicate. Syntactic and semantic ambiguity are frequent enough to present a substantial challenge To natural language processing. The fact that that ambiguity occurs on so many linguistic levels suggests that a far reachIng principle is needed to explain its origins and persistence. The existence of ambiguity Provides a puzzle for functionalist theories which attempt to explain properties of linguIstic systems in terms of communicative pressure . One might imagine that in perfect Communication system , language would completely disambiguate meaning. The communicative efficacy of language might be enhanced since there would be no danger of comprehenders incorrectly inferring the intended meaning confusion about ( who is on first) could not occur. Indeed, the existence of ambiguity in language has been argued to show that the key Structures and properties of language have not evolved for purpose of communication or Use. The natural approach has always been : is language well designed for use, understood typically as use for communication? I think that is a wrong question. The use of language for communication might turn out to be a kind of epiphenomenon. If you want to make sure that we never misunderstand one another , for that purpose language is not well designed , because you have such properties as ambiguity. If we want to have the property that the things that we usually would like to say come out Short and simple , well , it probably does not have that properties. Statement of problem Translation is a challenging activity and there are few difficulties that appear during translation process. so every language describes the word in different way and has its own grammar structure , grammar rules and syntax variance . During this process the following are the most particular problems : problems of ambiguity : these originate from structural and lexical differences between languages and multiword units like idioms and collocations. Problems of grammar : there are several constructions of grammar with rules that are poorly understood. Problems of language : these includes idiom terms neologisms , slang difficult to Understand, respect to punctuation conventions and proper name of people, organization And places. Problems of source texts: these are illegible text, spell incorrectly. It can easily be seen that language differ from one to another in terms of many ways and Not just in grammar subjects . for example, small words are hard to translate and the Meanings of common words depends on context. Besides, some words, are untranslatabLe when one wishes to remain in the same grammatical category that is why translators Face of with many problems. Another problem is that translators have a hard time to convey the same meaning to the Other language. For example: translation of literature, poems and songs are impossible To express their same meanings in another language. So these texts need to be familiar With two languages . Translation process is not only to translate the words, but also to Find ones that rhymes as well. Keep in mind , lack of vocabulary knowledge cause certain problems. for those reason Translators need and in-depth knowledge of two language to translate advanced texts and Avoid using dictionary that many times make this process very boring. The last problem is that translators will encounter complex grammar structures that they Must interpret correctly. Techniques to overcome translation problems In this part of article I have presented some techniques in brief to overcome the problems That could be useful in translation , such as : back translation , consultation and Collaboration with other people and pre testing or piloting such as interviews. Research question In case of translation ambiguity we are face with some critical questions and that most Important of them is the real meaning of ambiguity that can be designed like below questions. What does language ambiguity mean? Something is ambiguous when it can be understood in two or more possible senses or Ways . If the ambiguity is in a single word it is called lexical ambiguity, in a sentence or Clause, structural ambiguity. In the field of ambiguity we are face with two interrelated questions: 1 what is being denied? And 2 what would have been dissolved? One answer equates ambiguity within the semantic, given that equation ambiguity can be Overcome by resolving either the founding lack of clarity in the first instance or in the Second addressing and eliminating contestation posed on the level of meaning. Review of literature We tend to think of language as a clear and literal vehicle for accurately communicating ideas. But, even when we use language literally , misunderstandings arise and meanings shift . People can be intentionally or unintentionally ambiguous. Nevertheless , when someone uses a potentially ambiguous sentence or expression, usually the intention was to express only one meaning . As we know , most words can have denotations, apparent meaning , connotations and implied or hidden meaning . Also, we often use words in a figurative way. even though figurative language is more often used in poetry and fiction it is still very common in ordinary speech. Ambiguity is a poetic vehicle. It is human nature to try to find meaning within an exchange . a text is given to us and in Return we give our interpretation . Our own associations give understanding of what is Presented to us . The characteristic of the late 20th century, as well as of postmodern Literature , is that certainties are continuously called into question and thus allegory becomes a suitable form for expression. Allegory is a classic example of double discourse that avoids establishing a center within the text. Because in allegory the unity of the work is provided by something that is not explicitly there. In contrast to symbols, which are generally taken to transcend the sign itself and express The universal truths, allegories metaphors divided the sign, exposing its arbitrariness. ( I used sign here in the sense of the direct intended meaning). Thus, the allegorical impulse in contemporary literature can be seen as a reflection of the Postmodern emphasis on the reader as co-producer, since it invites the reader s active Participation in making meaning. Metaphors are indeed highly appropriate postmodern devices, because they are obvious Vehicle for ambiguity . A living metaphor always carries dual meanings, the literal or Sentence meaning and the conveyed or utterance meaning. A metaphor induces comparison , but since grounds of similarity are no t always given, Metaphors serve to emphasize the freedom of the reader as opposed to the authority of The writer . historically, we can point to Saussure as initiating the discussion related to the Arbitrariness of the sign as described in his course of general linguistics. The signifier may Stay the same but the signified will shift in relation to context. In terms of change over time, Saussure states whatever the factors involved in the change Whether they act in isolation or in combination , they always result in a shift in the relationship between the sign and the signification. Methodology Addressing qualitative and quantitative method appears to be rather ambiguous task, Especially when we consider our experience of working on the issue. On the one hand , we experienced fears that working on this topic may damage one s Reputation as a scientist: talking about oneself may appear indecent and self-aggrandizing Unless one belongs to a science studies disciplines. Additionally, the messenger maybe Called to account for the message. The message being that social sciences are inherently Structured by historical , local , social and personal characteristics of those involved in Them . anyway , we should not forget that quantitative approaches have been seen as more scientific and objective. discussion one problem with attempting to identify different kinds of lexical and semantic ambiguity is that there is not definitive consensus among commentators of how these terms should be defined . semantic ambiguity has a fairly wide range of linguistic concern . Palmer discusses ambiguity as an attribute of the discipline of semantics in general. Semantic ambiguity in Palmer s formulation would refer to potentially multiple meanings of the relations within language (sense) and relations between language and the world (reference) . In other words , it would refer to a pattern or structure of meaning of a linguistic presentation , such as a sentence , a paragraph, a poem, a novel, a scene from a movie. the ambiguity is to be found in the sense relationships of the piece as a whole or in parts of a whole . it is difficult to discuss lexical and semantic ambiguity apart from pragmatics . Because so many commentaries bring in all three kinds in their discussions. For instance , Poesio refers to semantic ambiguity as having simply a multiplicity of Meanings , but links it to the structure or grammar of a language in a way that assigns Responsibility for the ambiguity to the deliberate intent of the one who originates but Underspecified, what the language means or its rhetorical intent. tropes: metaphor, metonym, allegory, homonym, homophone, homograph, paradox these are only a few of the language figures of ( tropes) providing concepts useful to understanding ambiguity in language. Metaphor: This refers to the non-literal meaning of a word, a clause or sentence. Metaphors are very common; in fact all abstract vocabulary is metaphorical. A metaphor compares things. A metaphor established by usage and convention becomes a symbol. Thus crown suggests the power of the state, press = the print news media and chair = the control (or controller) of a meeting. metonym : a word used in place of another word or expression to convey the same meaning. (eg: the use of brass to refer to the military officer) allegory: the expression by means of symbolic fictional figures and actions of truths or generalization about human existence. homonym: when different words are pronounced , and possibly spelled the same way. (eg: to , too, two) homophone: where the pronunciation is the same but standard spelling differs , as in flew (from fly), flu ( influenza) , and flue ( of a chimney). homograph: when different words spelled identically, and possibly pronounced the same. (eg: lead the metal and lead /what leaders do). paradox: the statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true . a self-contradictory statement that at first seems true. an argument that apparently derives self-contradictory conclusions by valid deduction from acceptable premises. Significant of research The significant of research about ambiguity is in clearing the real meaning of a word in Different situations . as I said before a word in English and any other language has many different meanings that its real meaning depends on the situation that those words are used . one word may have different meanings in sport , medical , computer, science , military fields and so on . But translators should have much more information about the target and source language till choose the proper meaning for the used words and should be much experienced at this field and had much researches to be in perfect position of translation. Conclusion We have provided several kinds of evidence for the view that ambiguity results from a Pressure for efficient communication . we argued that any efficient communication system will necessarily be ambiguous when context is informative about meaning. The units of an efficient communication system will not redundantly specify information Provided by the context. these units will appear not to completely disambiguate meaning. Language can not exist without ambiguity , which has represented both a curse and a Blessing through the ages. Language is a very complex phenomenon. Meanings that can be taken for granted are in  Fact only the tip of a huge iceberg. Psychological , social and cultural events provide a moving ground on which those Meanings take root and expand their branches. The overlapping meanings emerge from The tropes , ways of saying something by always saying something else. in this sense ambiguity in literature has a very dark side, when important documents are interpreted in different ways , resulting in persecution, oppression , and death . the meaning in each situation appears as an effect of the underlying structure of signs. These signs themselves do not have a fixed significance, the significance only exist in the individual . sign is only what is represents for someone . Disambiguation is a key concept in computational linguistics. The paradox of how we tolerate semantic ambiguity and yet we seem to thrive on it , is a major question for this discipline . at this time , there is no computer capable of storing enough knowledge to process what human knowledge has accumulated. It can be seen, there for that ambiguity in language is both a blessing and curse. references (1) Clare, Richard Fraser. (Historian) Informal conversations about historal consequences of different interpretations of the Bible (2) Engel, S. Morris. â€Å"Fallacies & Pitfalls of Language† from Fallacies & Pitfalls of Language: The Language Trap. Ed Paperback Nov. 1994. (3) Fortier, Paul A. â€Å"Semantic Fields and Polysemy: A correspondence analysis approach† University of Manitoba. Paper. (4) Frath, Pierre â€Å"Metaphor, polysemy and usage† Universite MarcBloch, Department d’anglais. France. (5) Freud, Sigmund â€Å"El sentido antitetico de las palabras primitivas† Obras Completas Ed. Biblioteca Nueva. (6) Fromkin, Victoria/Rodman, Robert. â€Å"An introduction to language† Ed. Harcourt. (7) Hobbs, Jerry R. â€Å"Computers & Language† SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.

Study Notes †Balance management Essay

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The True Story of Joan/John

There is a fine line between sex and gender. In fact, most probably do not even know that there is even difference between the two! People just assume a boy should act like a boy and a girl should act like a girl. Society forces us to think and behave that way. If you think about it when a baby girl is born everything is pink, but not all girls love the color pink. Society shapes the role of each child based on its biological sex. What happens if you do not behave like your sex is supposed to behave? In the article, â€Å"The True Story of Joan/John,† Joan does not act like the female that her surrounding pushed on her to be.This article tells the story of a man who goes through a long journey of finding himself. John was born male, and then through complications was told he was a female and now he indentifies himself as a male. I cannot comprehend how traumatic these gender and sex changes were on his life. In this one situation it shows how John, who was always told he was a girl, still behaved a like a male because in reality at birth he was. This example makes me think that society plays a part in deciding your gender and who you are. However, John was pushed to behave like a girl. He never did, he wanted to play with the stereotypical â€Å"boy† toys like trucks.Is it possible that your biological sex can determine your gender? Social constructionist is not totally correct or accurate. There are girls that are tomboys and boys that gay or just super feminine. Society cannot always push people in the route that they want them in. A majority of times when an individual, like John, does not conform to society they are ridiculed. Harassment can have many effects and sometimes the effect is not to conform them but it can be as serious as suicide. Society interrupts a child’s growth and individuality. In the case of Joan / John, he was living a â€Å"double life†.He knew at a very young age that something was wrong. He didn’t l ike being put in dresses or playing with dolls. â€Å"Joan† just wasn’t performing like other females her age and just about everyone was noticing that. Social constructionism is pushing John to behave differently than how he wants to behave. In a way society was disturbing his normal growth as a child by changing who he thought he was, his gender identity. In the end, he knew he was a male, which relates back to gender essentialism. Dr. Money definitely took advantage of John’s parents by giving them false knowledge.John’s parents were so uninformed about everything that was going on with John’s situation. Dr. Money was a very strict social constructionist that believed if he told John he was a female then he would be a female. How could Dr. Money, a doctor, think that telling a child that it is a specific sex and that it would grow up believing and acting like that sex? Things just don’t work like that. I think genes and your sex have a bi g part in identifying your gender. Each situation for each child is so incredibly different I find it too extraordinary that society and environment could change the identity of a person.I do not think that gender essentialism or social constructionism is the way, but a balance in between the two. Gender essentialism and social constructionism challenge each other. The two are the extremes of reality. A balance between the two is how people live each and every day. In the situation of John, his life shows a journey through all three ways, gender essentialism, social constructionism and reality. Dr. Money believed in social constructionism, but while John was told he was a female he showed his belief in gender essentialism. He ignored people because he â€Å"knew† something was not right and that he should be a male.Now he lives his life as a male but in what I call â€Å"reality†. He listens to society in some ways but he focuses on being a father and that to him is wh at a male is, a father. The article challenges the two opposing beliefs because no one knows the correct answer. Each person and situation is different. Maybe for some the theory of gender essentialism will push them to be who they truly are, while for others it may be society, the theories of social constructionism. For the rest it is reality, a combination of the two. Works Cited Colapinto, John. â€Å"â€Å"The True Story of Joan/John†. † Rolling Stone 11 Dec. 1997: 54-97. Print.

Aerospace Development and the Boeing 787 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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The effective of outdoor advertsing using exmaple from the mobile Essay

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Energy Independence Psychology Personal Statement

Energy Independence Psychology - Personal Statement Example President Obama’s rhetoric about the green economy and independence from foreign energy producers is just that—rhetoric. Sadly, the President has played politics with this issue, refusing to pursue energy programs at home that would open up domestic sources of oil and gas. This is unfortunate especially because it means America is investing in a phantom â€Å"green† sector of the economy that is nowhere near to be being ready to take on the major demands of those who require energy The truth is that America has more than enough natural gas and oil within its own domestic territory to fuel this country for a long time to come. Those who refuse to recognize this are living with their heads in the sand. They need to wake up and begin to see that we have everything we need within our own country. I for one would like to see more drilling done in Alaska and in the Gulf of Mexico. America must start providing its own energy rather than relying on Arab dictators. Green energy projects across the U.S. are going bust (Paugh). There are a number of psychological reasons why people might endorse Obama’s green economy ideas. There is sometimes an information bias when it comes to politics. People often get caught up in their own world. They only read newspapers which they agree with and will only watch TV shows where the speakers tell them what they want to hear.

How the media portrayed Trayvon Martin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How the media portrayed Trayvon Martin - Essay Example Zimmerman reported that he shot him after Trayvon attacked him, and had done it in self defense. He was not charged for shooting Trayvon after the police concluded that there was no evidence demonstrating that the reports he had given were false. This paper will explore the portrayal of Trayvon by the media, explaining his case, and whether he deserved such portrayal. Mandel reports that immediately after the shooting of Trayvon, members of public and the media developed a narrative explaining why Zimmerman had killed the unarmed teenager, during the night of 26th February (1). The account reported that he had pursued the teenager and killed him in a brutal manner, due to Trayvon’s race. After the incidence, the media’s portrayal of Trayvon was that he was a young, innocent teenager who was victimized and killed in cold blood, for no good reason or cause. The media reported that the security guard had reported the questionable behavior of the teenager, which was supported by the audio of Zimmerman’s report to the police over 9-1-1. The audio report indicated that he suspected Trayvon, simply because he was an African American boy, which indicated that the case was largely one of racial violence. The audio recording of Zimmerman’s call, as given by NBC, reported, â€Å"Trayvon looked as if he was out to do something wr ong, and added that he looked black (Mandel).† The reports demonstrating Trayvon’s innocence were compounded by ABC’s release of video footage during the arrest of Zimmerman, claiming that, as he reported to the police – he did not have any injuries on his body. That report discredited the report that Trayvon had slammed Zimmerman’s head against the sidewalks. Later, ABC reported that they had edited the videos, eliminating the images showing Zimmerman walking to the police station, with fresh blood and wounds on his head. This time, different from earlier reports – like NBC and CNN – they reported that Trayvon attacked

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 22

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Problems of adolescents Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Problems of adolescents - Research Paper Example Adolescent age usually begins from the age of thirteen and wind up at nineteen. This age bracket is usually referred to as the teenage period. Although this stage is short lived, it sis a period characterized by vigorous maximum physical growth, mental development and emotional maturity. Both the internal and external aspects of development are visible. In fact, nearly all the physiological changes of human growth are completed at this bracket. In common scenario, this group is known for emotional imbalance, naivety and an overwhelming quest for adventure. As their emotions starts to balance, it is impossible not to notice appreciable level of intelligence, reasoning, thinking and appreciating of the environment surrounding them. Their memory seems to be so fresh and intact always perceiving things out of the ordinary, strong concept of creativity, well acquaintance with group associations and generalization. An adolescent is always challenging and questioning every thing a bout exis tence but feels a great sense of pride of achievement and satisfaction should their views be recognized on a discussion forum or any topic. This period is also characterized by so much joy and happiness alongside aspirations and adventures they would never want to miss. One moment this lad is in such lovely mood and the next instance he/she bursts in tears .As their emotions experience development, it is believed this is the reason why most seem to have such imbalances (Clemente, 2009). At any level of social interaction, this group would do anything to outshine her/his peers as their feelings are at maximum. Fro then, there exists a universal internalized way of understanding feelings o others who also belong to the adolescence bracket. This understanding is readily exercise on the opposite sex who they feel so eager to interact with .Consequently, in their endeavor to win the admiration of the opposite sex, they display ego centered interactions however with some checked adjustmen ts in character to cover up their big ego. For an average adolescence, there exists a natural recognition of norms and values determined by the society and knowledge of moral respect of God and belief inexistence of heaven for good people (Adams, 2005). For any household with an adolescence amidst them understands that to this person, there is defined new era in interaction occasionally accompanied by rebellion, mood swings and switched attention from the family members to wards his/her peers. Parents only become very concerned when the new era practices becomes a negative aspect of growth i.e., occurring too frequently than those they observe from children of family friends. Parents constantly feel challenge by such an unbecoming behavior and some even become emotionally affected .It is thus important to establish the general causes of such behaviors by discussing the main problems associated with an adolescence age (Clemente, 2009). To understand these underlying problems then we must dwell on normalcy ands deviation from normalcy. To understand an onset of truancy, you will notice a continuous boredom. To cover up for such boredom, the adolescent may be tempted to engage in risky activities like stealing, driving without license, being involved in drug abuse, indiscriminant sexual exploitation and at the extreme engage in physical fights. However, the above are just symptoms of degeneration thus the paper attempts to dig deep into the root causes of these symptoms

Three Year Marketing Plan of G Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Three Year Marketing Plan of G Company - Essay Example This essay focuses on describing of the G Company's marketing plan. The researcher firstly presents mission statement of Company G that depicts its long-run intention to â€Å"enable consumers to improve the quality and convenience of their lives by providing high-quality, innovative electronic solutions†. The proposed product in this marketing plan is a small appliance electronic Ice-cream maker with quality assurance and at a cheaper price. In relation to its mission statement, Company G attempts to provide its customers with a high-quality product, i.e. the ice-cream maker, as per the targeted customers’ conveniences, facilitating innovative electronic equipments in the present competitive market scenario. It is described that the company will be targeting the middle-level economic groups, especially the households or families with children. The product, i.e. Company G’s ice-cream maker, will target the small appliances market of the US primarily. Thus, the co mpetitive environment of the small appliances industry in the US has been summarized henceforth with the application of the Porter’s Five Forces Model. The researcher also discusses three of Company G’s strengths and weaknesses that are related to the marketing of the new product and then selects four marketing objectives for Company G consisting of one objective for each of the four marketing mix elements. In conclusion, the researcher describes the specific actions that will be taken to measure the effectiveness of the plan.

Successful interview with SABIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Successful interview with SABIC - Essay Example The interviewers included four managers, the supervisor, the superintendent and an officer responsible for analyzing interviewees’ personalities. In one word, I would term the entire experience, a magnificent one. The incident was marked with a lot of challenges, but I managed to get the best out of the opportunity at hand. With the help of my brother, I faced the panel with a lot of confidence. At one moment, my patience was tried with some of their questions. However, as my brother advised, it was my role to ensure that I maintain calm at all times, as that was the onset of the journey towards my career. The panel asked me of the color of the wall behind me, which was quite puzzling. It was clear that the paint of the wall behind me was the same as the one in front of me, and I simply played with their minds by answering that it is the same as the one in front of me. The day was actually good despite the challenges since I had prepared well for the interview. This preparatio n gave me the confidence I needed to face the panel and present my abilities and skills. Prior to the interview, I had the information that 20 people were already set for the day. This would cause some discomfort for any normal human. Worse still, the company only had the place for only 3 individuals. This means that one’s efforts would save them. I thank my brother for his contribution to my success, as he had information on companies and advised me on how to answer the panel’s questions. Specifically, he advised that I do not fret to say that I did not have information on some questions asked. I actually applied his rule to the Chemistry and the general questions asked. Even with the threat that they would post me to another city to work, I agreed with the panel and said I was prepared for any encounter. The interview ended well as the company accepted me for the job.

The stories success Essay Example for Free

The stories success Essay Technology would have the greatest overall effect on the stories success. To keep up with the competition constant training and flow of inventory has to be maintained drawing heavily on capitol resources. Also the skill level of employee’s would dictate a higher pay structure then required by regular toy stores. Rapid changes in technology would require a very liquid inventory. Items could quickly become antiquated, decreasing there value possible beyond original cost; at the very least putting pressure on the companies profit margin. This also means stock must be replaced whether old stock has been sold or not. This puts pressure on devaluing old stock even further to make space for incoming new stock. People already skilled in the industry need to be acquired. This will require offering more competitive salaries and benefit incentives to gather and retain these individuals. As these individuals are trained in new technology and gain more experience the company will have to aggressively instigate programs to retain these individuals with rich compensation raises and other more costly incentives such as stock options or profit sharing. Finding such rarified individuals might prove difficult causing the involvement of staff agencies, again increasing overhead costs. Also people might not like the idea of a toy store, filled with children, right next to where they will eat. Meal time is considered by most as a time to relax and unwind, which might not be done as easily in a restaurant attached to a congregation point for children with buzzing and flashing toys. A quieter establishment across the way might look more appealing.

Ethical Hacking And Attacking Computer Science Essay

Ethical Hacking And Attacking Computer Science Essay It is debatable, if hacking can be ethical or not, the term Hacking over time has been associated with destructive activity. These are some of the terms used in the context of hacking which provides better clarity, Hacker is somebody who enjoys learning hacking for a defensive purpose; an ethical hacker is the security professional who exercises his skills for a defensive purpose. The term Cracker refers to a person who uses his hacking skills for destructive purpose. The ethical question here is in regard to the physical activity of hacking which is sometimes hard to differentiate from cracking. The main difference being, Ethical hacker just identifies vulnerabilities and does not exploit them unlike a cracker. Ethical hacking is the process adopted by ethical hackers to discover the vulnerabilities existing in information systems operating environments. With the growth of internet, computer security has become a major concern for business. Organizations need ethical hackers who can think like a cracker to simulate a real life hacking scenario; they make use of same tools and techniques of that of crackers without damaging / compromising the sensitive information thereby maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of the organization. Ethical hacker should have excellent programming and networking skills. They evaluate the security of target and update the organization regarding the discovered vulnerabilities along with recommendations to mitigate them. Anatomy of a Hack Initially, Hacking meant having extraordinary skills to break into the system. However today there are lots of automated freeware tools available on internet making it possible for anybody having the desire to hack succeed in breaking into the system. These are the 5 phases every hacker must know. Figure 1: Anatomy of an Attack Reconnaissance Reconnaissance is the preparatory phase where an attacker gathers information about the target system prior to launching the attack. This phase might also involve network scanning either internal or external without any authorization. One of the ways for gathering information during this phase may involve Social engineering. A social engineer is a person who smooth-talks and persuades people to reveal personal / sensitive information such as passwords, security policies etc. Social engineering is one of the easiest ways to hack as it requires no technical skills and one of the hardest forms of attack to defend against as humans are the weakest link in the security chain. All security measures taken care by the organization goes in vain when the employees get social engineered. Detecting social engineering attacks are difficult, as there is no tool to detect such attempts, in most of the cases victim themselves are not aware having revealed sensitive information. Rebecca and Jessica are the common terms used, which refer to people who are easy target for social engineering attacks such as a receptionist or a support executive. Dumpster diving is another way of gathering information. It is the process of looking for discarded sensitive information in an organization thrash. It is one of the effective ways of gathering information as it may provide attackers with even more sensitive information such as username, password, ATM slip, social security number, Bank statements. It is important that an organization has appropriate policies in place to protect their assets and also provide proper guidance to employees on the same. Reconnaissance technique can be classified into active and passive reconnaissance. In passive reconnaissance, the attacker does not interact with the system directly but uses social engineering or dumpster diving as a mean to gather information. Where as in a active reconnaissance, the attacker makes use of tools for port scanning, network scanning to get the details of the application, operating system etc. Often reconnaissance phase overlaps with the scanning phase. Scanning Scanning precedes the actual attack and is one of the important phase of information gathering where in the attacker gathers information about the targets IP address , operating system , system architecture , services running in the system in order to find various ways to intrude into targets system. The strategy to launch the attack is based on the gathered information. The risk of an organization is considered high in the scanning phase as it enables access to the network. Different types of scanning are Port Scanning: Procedure for identifying the open ports and the services running on the target system. Network Scanning -Procedure for identifying IP addresses, active hosts on a network either to attack them or as a network security assessment. Vulnerability Scanning -Automates method to identify the known vulnerabilities present in the system and the network. Some of the important tools used during this phase are Nmap which is used for port scanning; it also offers a variety of advanced features such as remote OS detection. Nessus is a vulnerability scanner which detects the local flaws, uninstalled patches and weakness in network hosts. Nessus has a security vulnerability database which is updated on a daily basis. It carries out development of security checks for recent security holes. CEH scanning methodology The diagram below shows the sequence of steps followed in order to scan any network although scanning method may differ based on the objective of the attack. The Attacker starts with checking for the live systems in the network. Once he finds the live system, looks for any open port present in the system to identify the services running on it. The next phase is OS fingerprinting which is nothing but gathering operating system information about the target system. Post which the attacker scans for vulnerabilities present in the target operating system and exploit it. The attacker may also choose to probe the network by making use of proxies. Figure 2: CEH Scanning Methodology Gaining Access This is one of the most important phases for an attack as this is where the actual attack is planted. Therefore the business risk is highest in this phase. Although not a mandatory phase as an attacker need not always gain access to cause damage like in denial of service attacks. The main aim in this phase is to obtain elevated privileges such as system privilege to execute commands to access sensitive information. Maintaining Access Once the attacker gains access into the system or the network, he tries to retain his ownership on the compromised system and periodically attack it. Typically in this phase the attacker tries to install Key loggers to capture the keyboard strokes, sniffers to capture network traffic, rootkits at the kernel level to gain super user access and Trojan horse to gain repeated backdoor access, also download the password files to access the system at a later time. Once the Trojans are in place, the attacker can assume to have gained total control of the system. During this phase the attackers might even harden the system against other attackers by fixing the vulnerability which allowed them to access the system or the network. Clearing Tracks This is where the attacker tries to cover the evidence of his activities for various reasons like maintaining access or legal actions. During this phase the attacker deletes the system logs preventing the system administrator from monitoring the unusual activity, Rootkits are installed as they are effective in covering tracks and also because in some cases they disable logging. Other techniques like Steganography which is used to hide the data in a image or a file, are made used by the attacker in order to cover tracks Typical Hacking Techniques There are several ways an attacker can gain access into the system such as Operating system attacks Application Level attacks Shrink wrap code error Misconfiguration attacks Google Hacking Google Hacking is the art of creating complex search queries in order to gather information of the target system. Google is the primary tool used for Google hacking. Advanced Google operators are used to filter information. Google hacking database identifies files containing password, sensitive directories, vulnerable web pages, error messages containing sensitive information, pages containing firewall logs etc Figure 3: Google advanced search option Basics of Google Hacking Below are some of the basic ways Google is used for hacking Directory Listing Attack: Webpage often accidentally displays files and directories that exist on the web server when top level index file is missing or invalid as directory listing is not taken care of. Most of the times they do not prevent users from downloading files or accessing sensitive information without authorization. Locating directory listing in Google is very straight forward. A query of Intitle: Index.of is the universal search for directory listing Figure 4: Google hacking for Directory Listing An attacker can make use of this information to access sensitive information of the application. Information Disclosure Error messages can disclose a lot of sensitive information about the target like the operating system, network architecture, user information etc. A query of intitle: error fetched 4,070,000 results Figure 5: Google hacking for Information Disclosure Below is the error message displayed by an application. Figure 6: Error message displayed from Google hacking query The error message reveals sensitive information about the target system such as the application is built in asp.net, IIS 4.0, MYSQL database. An attacker can now launch attacks that are vulnerable to these technologies. Sensitive Information: Here are some of the Google search syntaxs to crawl for Sensitive information such as passwords filetype: xls inurl: password.xls -Looks for username and password in ms excel format. intitle: Index of master.passwd -index the master password page index of / backup- Looks for the index backup file on server) intitle: index.of passwd.bak Looks for the index backup password files. intitle: Index of pwd.db- Looks for database password files inurl: user.xls intext: password- Looks for url that save username and passwords in spread sheet files Site Digger, which explores Googles cache to look for susceptibilities ,errors, security loopholes on website and Gooscan which automates queries against Google search engine are some of the other tools used for Google hacking. Certified Ethical Hacker Certification Course (CEH) CEH is the professional certification provided by the international council E-Commerce consultants (EC-Council). Figure 6: CEH Process Apart from EC council, there are other certified hacking course taken by some well known Hackers like Ankit Fadia Certified Ethical Hacker (AFCEH) and also some other vendors like karROX Certified Ethical Hacker Course. Ethical Hacking Services As part of ethical hacking services, Penetration testing which is nothing but creating a real life hacking scenario and trying to break into the system is offered by various vendors. Different tools, technique and methodologies are used to gain entry into that application. The service offered could be either a black box testing (where only the application URL is given) or a grey box testing (where a dummy user account with least privilege is created for the pen testers).Penetration testing will be carried over by a team of dedicated ethical hackers. Some of the key benefits of penetration testing are Find security loopholes which cannot be found through functional testing. Identify business logic flaws which cannot be detected by Code Review. Real world simulation of hacking thereby revealing soft targets for possible attacks. Meet Regulatory Compliance like PCI, HIPAA, GLBA and ISO regulatory compliance. Reduction in web application development security flaws. Development of effective mitigation strategies based on your specific environment The Pen test report provides recommended remediations for the identified attack. Follows the industry standards for security such as OWASP TOP 10 and SANS 25. Commercial tools like Cenzic, Acunetix, and IBM Rational Appscan are some of the widely used tools for Pen Test. Social Engineering Testing is offered as complementary service by some vendors which tests the organizations human firewall by gaining access to an organization and its assets by tricking key personnel over communications medium such as telephone, email, chat, bulletin boards, etc. Acknowledgement Vikram 😛 Related Knowledge Briefs or References Have to check. Summary In recent times Web applications are the target of various forms of attacks. According to a Gartner report 70% of the security attacks are targeted on the web application. Competition is so high that enterprises cant ignore the risk associated with their vulnerable application. Loss incurred could vary from monetary losses to loss of credibility. In certain cases it could mean end of business. You cannot stop an attacker from hacking, the only thing you can do is make it harder to get in. Ethical hackers are the security professionals who use their hacking skills for defensive purpose. The process of ethical hacking would depend on, what is that organization is trying to protect, against whom and how much or resources the organization is ready to spend. The hacking tools are meant for research and educational purpose only and should not be used for destructive purpose. Your Name then enter a short two or three line biography, including your BU/practice and location. Was the information contained in this Knowledge Brief useful? We strive to improve our content by continuously refining it. You can discuss the document, or download the most recent version, from the details page of this Knowledge Brief. Your feedback is appreciated!

A strategic analysis of Estee Lauder

A strategic analysis of Estee Lauder In the world of business today, where competition is one of the major challenges that every organisation is facing, the need for strategic planning and analysis arises. These are essential for the survival of an organisation as well as determining the direction in which an enterprise is going in relation to its environment in order to achieve a competitive advantage by formulating a competitive strategy. It is important that an organisation grabs every opportunity that is coming along its way, and responds to any risks and limitations presented by the external environment. In order for an organisation to make and take correct decisions, it requires an understanding and knowledge about the impact the environment can have on the organisation. This is strategic management. It is therefore important not only to look at what is best for the organisation, but also to take the needs of shareholders into consideration. For effective strategic management, it is important to have a strategic analysis. The reason for an analysis is because; the issues that are being analysed are often quite complex even if there may be enough information available Fleisher. C Bensoussan .B (2002). This study is organised as follows; Chapter two defines important terms which will help in the further understanding of this study. Chapter three introduces the company Estee Lauder. Chapter four evaluates the strategic analysis of Estee Lauder by looking at techniques, models and processes, and chapter five concludes. Chapter 2 Strategic Analysis This is where a strategy is formulated by carrying out a research on the organisation and the business environment in which the organisation operates (BNET Business Dictionary.) However, Professor Les Worrall defined it as,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a theoretically informed understanding of the environment in which an organisation is operating, together with an understanding of the organisations interaction with its environment in order to improve organisational efficiency and effectiveness by increasing the organisations capacity to deploy and redeploy its resources intelligently. 2.1 Strategic model Managers must take in to account three major factors when strategic decisions are made; The shareholders expectations and objectives it is important that organisations are clear about their long-term objectives. However, due to factors that an organisation does not have any control over may influence the organisation to change its objectives, thus conflicting with the shareholders. Therefore, management must know how to reconcile the shareholders expectations while setting the objectives of the organisation. Available resources for an organisation to achieve its objective Depending on the strengths and weaknesses of organisations resources, the firm can pursue its strategies. However, these may change with the prevailing environment. Total environment within which the organisation operates Forecasting what the future may bring is a difficulty that managers face, because the environment is uncertain. This factor also has an influence on what strategy can be pursued. Taking each of the above three factors into consideration is known as strategic analysis. 2.2 Aim of strategic analysis It understands an organisations strategic position. Strategic analysis forms a view of the key influences on the present and future well-being of the organisation and what opportunities are afforded by the environment and the competencies of the organisation Baily. P, Farmer. D, Jessop. D, Jones. D (2005). 2.3 Importance of strategic analysis. Strategic analysis is important in providing an organisation with meaningful insights and with a clear framework so as to prepare itself for change. Its importance lies in evaluating patterns and trends for the organisation. It is also important in the identification and assessment of the opportunities available to the organisation Fleisher. C Bensoussan .B (2002). It also helps the organisation understand its strategic position by providing information such as; what is happening in the business environment and industry, and what competencies should be developed so as to stay competitive. It gives the description of strategic goals and the firms business strategy. Strategic analysis also leads to goals that are clear and relevant, helps in the taking of decisions with better quality, and provides a secure future by preparing the organisation with what may happen in the future. Strategic management This is a process of making and implementing strategic decisions. The organisation must also analyse the competencies already present in the organisation. These competencies help in formulating strategies. The process should consist of the following elements; The analysis of a strategy- Understanding the changes going on in the environment in which the organisation exits, and how these affect the organisation, its activities, its strength of resources and the expectation of stake holders, also analysing competitor strategies through assumptions, focusing on weaknesses and threats. The choice of strategy- This is concerned with all the possible causes of action which may be taken. Eliminating out many other strategies chosen, and putting in order of importance. An evaluation of each of the causes identified- The selection of those which the organisation must attempt to follow, and therefore discuss at length the strategies short-listed. Implementation of selected planned strategy- This is turned into an effective caused action. Discuss on implementing, but not actual implementation. 2.4 Importance of strategic management It is a planned process that needs to be followed Its considers the future and anticipates what it could bring It increases organisational growth as it brings in opportunities It also looks at the threats the external environment may poses and works on how to get rid or manage these Helps companies remain stable by foreseeing what the future may bring. Chapter 3 3.1 An Organization is a consciously coordinated social entity, with a relatively identifiable boundary, that functions on a relatively conscious basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. Richard, (2002) Estee Lauder was founded in 1946. It is a globally recognised company, whose headquarter is in New York, but is in over 140 countries. It manufactures and markets hair care products, fragrances, skin care and makeup. The company has 29 brands, some of which are; Estee Lauder, Clinique, M.A.C, Aramis, Bobbi Brown, Darphin and many more. Estee Lauder is technologically advanced and has a reputation for innovation, superior quality and sophistication. 3.2 Estee Lauders Strategy Koontz and ODonnell describes strategy as a decision about how to use available resources to secure a major objective in the face of possible obstructionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.such as competitors, public opinion, legal status, taboos and similar forces. Their strategy is to build a diversified business base, which they believe will strongly boost up their growth globally. Their focus is to remain a distinguished leader in the global prestige cosmetics. Their three essential growth strategies are: Their geographic presence should be expanded and strengthened Their product categories should also be strengthened Their channels of distribution should also be strengthened and diversifiable. 3.3 Vision Mission A companys mission and vision is for its employees and customers. The Mission defines and reflects the company, its core purposes, its values and principles. The vision however, provides an image of the future. The Vision Statement of Estee Lauder: Bringing the best to everyone we touch. By The best, we mean the best products, the best people and the best ideas. These three pillars have been the hallmarks of our Company since it was founded by Mrs. Estee Lauder in 1946. They remain the foundation upon which we continue to build our success today. 3.4 Objectives They are energetic, innovative and first for customers Power endeavour to do our very best and enhance the companys leadership throughout the world Building strong global brands through innovative delivery of products and increase revenues Look after our people so they can look after our customers Understand customers better than anyone and Use our strengths to deliver unbeatable value to our customers Business relationships Through distribution channels, reaching the customers globally Trust and respect each other 3.5 Scope According to Mintzberg and Quinn there are five definitions of strategy: Strategy as a plan Strategy as a pattern Strategy as a position Strategy as a perspective Strategy as a ploy Estee Lauder adopted: Plan Estee Lauder has good planning and they strongly believe all their success is all because of its planning. Perspective Estee Lauders perspective was to increase its company growth globally by 2008. This was achieved mainly because of the international business, mainly from emerging markets such as China and India. Chapter 4 4 Estee Lauders External environment analysis 4.1 PESTEL Analysis for Estee Lauder: PESTEL analysis  is the external analysis of the different macro-environmental factors that a business must consider. Kotler (1998)The PEST analysis is a useful tool for understanding the position, potential and direction for a business as well as the market growth or decline. The radical and ongoing changes occurring in society create an uncertain environment and have an impact on the function of the whole organization Tsiakkiros, (2002). Hence the analysis of the macro-environment is very important to identify factors which could affect various variables and arrangements within the organisation. Macro-environmental analysis assist Estee Lauder management to increase its attentiveness of appropriate environmental changes thus improve strategic planning by enriching its industrial and market analysis. The PESTEL analysis in addition to Porters Five Force model and SWOT can be applied by an organization to review its strategic direction. These have been discussed below. Political factors The political environment within which an organisation exists has far reaching consequences. The political environment most obviously operates at National level, but may also be significant at local and international levels. Estee Lauder gives direction to countries through the way they exert control over the economy. Estee Lauder should not only be cognisant with the politics of a country, but also with the media, industry and labour leaders. The following political factors can affect the business environment: Level of government involvement in business Stability Liberalisation Taxation Co-operation and integration, e.g. EU Economical factors This is concerned with the nature and direction of the economy in which a firm operates. Estee Lauder looks at the interplay of market forces that dictate the state of the economy and implications on both commercial and non-commercial organisations. Prices vary from brand to brand and product to product, but these are usually in the higher ranges of an industry. The factors include: Exchange rates Interest rates Spending power Inflation and employment Socio, Cultural Factors The socio cultural influences on businesses vary internationally. These affect a societys basic values, perceptions, preferences and behaviours. It is vital that such factors are considered if an organization wants to achieve its proposed objectives. Factors include: The dominance of the religion Education and belief The impact of language upon the diffusion of products onto markets When do customers have time for shopping The roles of men and women within society and depending upon that the products should be launched Estee Lauder has received customer complaints regarding the fact that new products are being tested on animals first. They have to look into this matter as it can pose serious issues with the customers. Technological factors More and more businesses are affected by technology. Technological factors affect the operations of the firm since technological changes serve to avoid obsolesce and to promote innovation of relevant techniques in the industry. Estee Lauder has rapid technological changes in its products, and these products can be accessed online via the internet. Some technological factors are: IT rapid growth Innovation Government spending on research New discoveries and developments R D expenditure Product life cycle Environmental Factors These factors are also known as the Natural factors. These factors help Estee Lauder in showing strategic doubts and their worth in the predicting and planning processes using environmental aspects. There have been emissions of harmful gases and fluorocarbons, which Estee Lauder must take care of as it is and environmental threat. Its increases the significance of the following factors: Shortage of raw material Increased pollution Increased governmental intervention Legal Factors Estee Lauder functions within a structure of Government regulations and legislations. These laws and regulations should be considered when running businesses: Labour laws and industrial relations Municipal licenses Formation Taxation Competition Copyright and patent laws Minimum wages laws and Employment law Demographic Factors These factors may also exist under the macro-environmental factors. Following factors must are considered with regard to the key Demographic trends by Estee Lauder: World population growth Changing household Geographic population shifts Better-educated, more white-collar workforce Increasing Diversity Changing age structure Population consists of generational groups. Distinct segments typically exist within these generational groups. 4.2 Porters Five Force Model This model evaluates a companys competitive position. Any business works to develop an edge over its rival firms. This model helps in the understanding of the industry context in which Estee Lauder operates. Below is a diagrammatical representation of the model. http://www.maxi-pedia.com/Five+Forces+model+by+Michael+Porter Barriers to entry This is low in the case of Estee Lauder as it has made its position pretty strong and hence new entrants will not pose a threat to it as it will be difficult for these to enter into the market as the barriers are pretty high. They also have good access to their distribution channels and the correct knowledge of the segments they are operating in. Substitutes This is also low in the case of Estee Lauder. Customers have built a customer loyalty. Estee Lauder also provides the best quality products whose performance is to the mark as is the name, therefore threat of substitutes will be low. Bargaining power of suppliers The suppliers would have a low bargaining power as Estee Lauder is a huge brand and the volume of goods required from the suppliers around the world is also huge. There would be very many suppliers willing to supply such a company, hence it is important for the suppliers to provide the company with what they require and something that is unique from its competitors. Bargaining power of buyers This is high as buyers can easily switch to other big brands as the number of these brands present in the market segment is high. However, due to customer loyalty to the brand, it does not face much of this as it provides its buyers with what they want and how they want it. Competitive Rivalry This is high in the case of Estee Lauder. Its major competitors are; Avon, LOreal, PG, Max Factor, Revlon, etc. Estee Lauder therefore needs to have constant innovation of its products so as to stay ahead of competition. There are various brands under the company, therefore, it is important that the range of price is good and they can differentiate their products well without customers facing high switching costs. Estee Lauder created the line designed for men in 1976. It was called skin supplies for men (Estee Lauder 2003a). Avon, Max Factor and Revlon did not have men lines. 4.3 SWOT analysis for Estee Lauder A SWOT analysis is important as a clear basis is provided to examine the performance of a business. It is also very important for the products a company offer, as it is essential in the branding and marketing of the company products. This model helps in the understanding of the firm and its surroundings. Internal Strengths Weaknesses Strong brand name Research and development focus Strong distribution network Robust revenue and profit growth sales Weak liquidity position Customer concentration Weak performance in a few markets External Opportunities Threats Demographic trends in the United States Cosmetics markets in emerging nations Growing riches- Rich getting wealthier Counterfeit products Intense competition Increasing regulations Strengths The brand name, Estee Lauder itself is a strength. The name is linked to quality and luxury. The company is also a global licensee for other big brands like; Tommy Hilfiger, Donna Karen, etc. Estee Lauder leads in each market segment in the industry as it develops new products, redesigns existing ones and identifies and considers consumer preferences. It has a large network of retail. This therefore increases the market penetration opportunities and creates closeness to target customers. It has a strong management strategic perspective, and is also having a great growth. It also has various innovations such as; offering shopping via the internet (it was the first major cosmetic firm to have offered shopping via the internet.) Weaknesses The company bargaining power could be lowered by it concentrating on a single biggest client. They also have a poor cost structure in some areas, hence a decline in the performance of sales in certain regions. The company could be exposed to the debt market due to low liquidity levels, and this could thus affect the company growth. It is the Family members that have most of the power over the company. The companys organisational structure is not easily distinguished. In America, there are particularly lower sales in the fragrance category. Opportunities Estee Lauder targets aged people and therefore makes products to suit these people. Its revenues could be boosted by having a strong and great presence in its segments, thus also increasing growth. The cosmetics markets are doing good in emerging markets like India and China, as there are many beauty contests that take place. This cosmetics market is growing due to younger and middle aged women that are being more style conscious. Estee Lauder is also well positioned in these emerging markets. There is also a demand in the luxury goods. More money is spent on these goods. Therefore, the needs of these wealthy people are also taken into consideration, and products made to meet their needs and wants. Threats Many fake products are being sold, thus affecting Estee Lauders sales. This can lead to the company losing its exclusivity of the brand. This could thus harm the image of the company. Customers may also be dissatisfied with these products as the fake product may harm them, thus the company would lose out on customers. Many big brands such as; Revlon, LOreal, would increase competition in the market. The government may also impose certain rules and regulations on the products saying that the product has high levels of chemicals which are harmful to people. This may thus lead to an increase in the cost of developing the products and also in the launching of the products. Chapter 5 Conclusion Businesses are different in many ways; therefore every organisation needs to have a business plan, which needs to be reviewed in order to keep it up to date. The plan at Estee Lauder is articulated by corporate leaders, who give the organisation direction, so as to avoid a strategic drift. They create a vision of a possible future that allows both the managers and others to see clearly the direction to take, building upon the companys current capacity and strength. To gain competitive edge and analyze the external environment, Estee Lauder could further use the Value chain, BCG growth model and scenario analysis for its strategic analysis. Recommended strategies that Estee Lauder could use are; Forward, backward, horizontal integration, product and market development, market penetration and more diversification. Estee Lauder took the approach of providing great customer service, great quality and staff ownership, hence making it different from the rest. References Advanced Diploma in Business Administration Corporate strategy Syllabus. Baily. P, Farmer. D, Jessop. D, Jones. D (2005). Purchasing Principles and Management. Pearson Education. FT Prentice Hall. Fleisher. C Bensoussan .B (2002). Strategic and competitive analysis: Methods and techniques for analysing business competition (Prentice Hall, 2002) Johnson and Scholes . Exploring Corporate Strategy (Prentice Hall, 1999) Richard H.(2002) Organizations. 8th Edition. India: Prentice Hall India. p.189 GLL Brochure and Guide book Web references http://www.auburn.edu/~boultwr/html/strategic_analysis_model.htm (accessed on 21th November 2010). http://dictionary.bnet.com/definition/Strategic+Analysis.html (accessed on 21th November 2010). http://www.maxi-pedia.com/Five+Forces+model+by+Michael+Porter(accessed on 21th November 2010). http://www.fragrancewholesale.com/somhisbacofe.html (accessed on 23th November 2010). http://hubpages.com/hub/Importance-of-Strategic-Management (accessed on 23th Novenber 2010) http://www.toponereport.com/why-you-need-a-swot-analysis/ (accessed on 23th November 2010). http://www.is4profit.com/business-advice/business-/swot-analysis.html?gclid=CNWztveJvaUCFUUe4QodhWttXw (accessed on 24th November 2010). http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/estee-lauder-executive-summary (accessed on 24th November 2010). http://www.fragrancewholesale.com/somhisbacofe.html (accessed on 24th November 2010). http://www.elcompanies.com/the_company/executive_messages.php(accessed on 25th November 2010). http://www.netmba.com/strategy/pest/(accessed on 25th November 2010). http://www.slideshare.net/guest78d8ca/sm-case-jisha-remya2 (accessed on 25th November 2010).

Essay --

Sastra merupakan suatu bentuk karya yang tertulis dengan makna dan tujuan tertentu dari pengarangnya. Karya sastra bervariasi bentuknya, ada yang pendek ada yang panjang, ada yang terikat aturan ada yang bebas. Karya sastra tertulis dibuat untuk merekam kejadian yang terjadi pada saat itu di masa lampau. Seiring dengan perkembangan jaman, makna sastra berkembang dan jenisnya pun beragam. Puisi adalah salah satu cara para penyair untuk mendeskripsikan kondisi sosial pada suatu masa atau era. Sejak dahulu Indonesia sudah terkenal dengan karya-karya sastra yang berbentuk pantun, sajak, gurindam, mantera, syair dan lain sebagainya. Karya-karya ini digunakan untuk berbagai macam kejadian seperti pernikahan, kematian dan acara sosial lainnya. Seiring dengan perkembangan jaman, berkembanglah pula karya-karya sastra tersebut dan muncullah jenis-jenis puisi baru. Puisi-puisi baru tersebut juga digunakan sebagai salah satu bentuk ekspresi dari seorang sastrawan untuk mengungkapkan perasaan dan pendapat terhadap kondisi sosial yang berlaku di masyarakat. Baik berupa pujian maupun berupa sindiran atau protes. Karya sastra merupakan potret sejarah yang mencerminkan kondisi sosial masyarakat, politik, ekonomi dan budaya yang terjadi pada saat itu. Puisi yang akan dibahas dibuat pada tahun 1978 pada masa awal pemerintahan Soeharto setelah kesekian kalinya. W.S. Rendra membuat puisi â€Å"mata-mata† dengan suatu tujuan untuk memprotes sekaligus merefleksikan kondisi sosial masyarakat Indonesia berdasarkan pengalaman pribadinya hidup di jaman itu. Puisi yang akan dibahas ini adalah sebuah puisi yang berjudul â€Å"mata-mata† karya WS. Rendra. Beliau adalah salah satu penyair terhebat dan paling dikenang di Indonesia sepanjang masa. Bentuk puisi â€Å"mata-... ...si ini ditulis. Sehingga hasil interpretasi bisa menjadi tepat dengan adanya dukungan dari sejarah dan kejadian nyata. 1.4.1 Metode Pengumpulan Data 1.4.1.1 Sumber Primer 1.4.1.2 Sumber Sekunder Sumber sekunder dapat didapatkan dan dikumpulkan melalui puisi ini sendiri, buku dan situs-situs Internet. Informasi yang akan digunakan akan diseleksi dan dipilih secara seksama sehingga informasi yang didapatkan relevan dan terpecaya. Esai ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dan mengupas tuntas sebuah puisi yang berjudul â€Å"mata – mata† karya WS. Rendra untuk menjawab sebuah pertanyaan â€Å"bagaimana puisi â€Å"mata – mata† dapat menunjukkan kondisi sosial Indonesia? Dengan cara menganalisa dan mengupas tuntas dengan berbagai teknik dan teori, maka arti dan tujuan dari puisi itu sendiri seakan-akan dapat diperjelas dan lebih nampak agar lebih mudah untuk dimengerti oleh semua orang.

Alzheimer’s Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer’s Association (2010) explains that Alzheimer’s disease is a brain’s disease which affects the way people think, remember and behave. Finally, people living with Alzheimer’s do not know themselves; do not able to perform everyday activities, which means that they always have to be under control. All of these are caused by improper function of the brain. This disease leads to the death. Nowadays, the 7th cause of death in United States of America is Alzheimer’s disease. There is no method of curing yet, but it was proved that life of people living with the disease and caregivers can become better if good care and aid are provided during the whole period of the illness (Alzheimer’s Association, 2010). It is obvious that Alzheimer’s disease has financial and psychological impact on individuals, caregivers and society. Nowadays 35.6 million people are sentenced that they have this disease. It is predicted that this number will increase to 65.7 million by 2030 and to 115.4 million by 2050 (Anders Wimo and Martin Prince, 2010, 4). There are direct and indirect costs which are spent on people with such kind of disease. The first one includes expenditures in social services such as treating at hospital. In other words, it requires a lot of money. According to Alzheimer’s Association (2008) the Medicare such as hospital services and the care of medical man to person with dementia is three times more than the money which is spent on someone without it. Indirect cost involves unpaid service of caregivers; many active days that the sufferer has lost, physical and psychological challenges with which a person living with Alzheimer’s disease and his family have to struggle (Fox and Max 2009,... ...rtant point to consider is providing support for caregivers. More attention must be paid in order to assist them in coping with problems which occur over time. Overall, it is obvious that Alzheimer’s disease is a problem that requires much attention from government and investors. One of the problems is supporting caregivers. In my opinion, in order to find solutions more researches have to be undertaken, also it is important to keep in mind that each of them is unique; their challenges are not the same and problems vary during the illness. Another major problem is increasing amount of money which is spent on dementia. It is mostly caused by increasing number of people with Alzheimer’s. Solutions for this problem are complicated. However, I think more research in pharmacology will obviously assists to find them, so huge amount of money can be saved.

A Look At Cheap Amusements Essay -- essays research papers

An extremely interesting, but ever-contradictory sociological study of sexual relationsis presented in the Kathy Peiss book Cheap Amusements . The reason I say that it is ever-contradictory is that the arguments are presented for both the benefit of cheap amusements for a woman s place in society and for the reinforcement of her place. In one breath, Peiss says that mixed-sex fun could be a source of autonomy and pleasure as well as a cause of [a woman s] continuing oppression. The following arguments will show that, based on the events and circumstances described in Cheap Amusements , the changes in the ways that leisure time is spent by women has indeed benefited them in both the workplace and at home. This position requires a closer look at specific leisure activities; where and with whom they are spent, and the ultimate effect that these activities had on society and gender roles. More significantly however, is how the establishment of leisure activities for women came about, rather than the simple change in availability of such activities. First let s look at Peiss s position on the matter of how cheap amusements challenged gender traditions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does Peiss have to say about women s roles at the turn of the century? Peiss argues initially that young women experimented with new cultural forms in terms of sexual expressiveness and social interaction with men, linking heterosocial culture to a sense of modern individuality and personal style. Creating this style was an assertion of self. Peiss quickly discounts these assertions by saying that without economic independence, such freedoms are hollow. Peiss s essay claims to focus on the role of working women in fostering change from a homosocial to a heterosocial culture, but as we can see from the earlier quote, there is still what seems to be a hint of male dominance in preventing the experience of true leisure. By this we can see that Peiss believes women were challenging gender norms, but doing so under the implied watchful eye of the male-dominated culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One very interesting point that Peiss makes is that there is now a market for leisure time. This market included such activities as attending shows at a nickelodeon, riding the trolley, and, especially in Manhattan, spending the day at Coney Islan... ...not explicitly challenging the social conditions of the day, but implicitly doing so. I agree with Peiss s statement that women were expressing the aspiration for selfhood and fulfillment but that this did not attempt to transform the web of gender and class relations in which [they] were situated. Women did not attempt to challenge their situation explicitly, nor did they even realize they were challenging their social condition. At the same time, attendance at particular popular dance halls and club events served to reinforce the notions of female submission and some Old Word traditions. Overall, however, we can see that the changes in society over this period of 1880-1920 benefited women. Look at how family life changed because of the movie theater experience. It brought families together; husbands and wives would attend with their children. Also, we can see that clubs and dances were safe places to meet those of the opposite sex, whereas previously, you may have had a husband chosen for you. It can be said with confidence then that the challenges implicitly mounted by women s search for leisure has indeed benefited their position in the late 19th and early 20th centurysociety.

Compare and Contrast the “White Public Opinion” Essay

Public opinion is simply the complex of preferences expressed by a significant number of persons on an issue of general importance. Blacks were included in national polls and surveys in numbers reflecting their proportion of the population, but typically these surveys yielded too few respondents to produce valid and reliable findings or to explore opinion differences internal to the black community in terms of such things as gender, class, age or region. Black opinion was seen as a mere derivative, secondary and less important compared to white opinion. Research shows that White Americans are not racist in the old fashioned way; instead they resent or are hostile to blacks because of the whites’ commitment to basic or core American values, particularly individualism. White Americans resist equality in the name of self-reliance, achievement, individual initiative and they do so not merely because the value of individualism provides a socially acceptable pretext but because it provides an integral component of the new racism. It’s a perceived belief that whites are more intelligent and better than blacks, but the problems facing the black community have been ignored, because they feel like the black community is inferior and don’t have anything better to do. So therefore they refuse blacks the resources they need for a good foundation, like education, jobs and so on. The pervasive and deep sense of alienation from and distrust of the American government as well as the deep racial divide between blacks and whites was reflected in public opinion on hurricane Katrina. There is a lack of attention and urgency in handling the problems which are facing the black community, both in the past and present. Another powerful function of the press was to attack and remake the stereotypes and negative characterizations that the white press visited on the community. They see the issues affecting the black community and use it to pass negative comments and judgments against them, Instead of addressing the situation and seeking amends. The mainstream or white media tend to ignore the internal life of the black community, thus the black media serve as a vehicle of intragroup communication and solidarity. The mainstream or mass media gathers and reports news of interest to the mass public, which are mostly middle class whites. Since the 1950’s, content analysis of the mass media has consistently shown that the routine, day-to-day coverage of African Americans is predominantly negative and stereotypical; blacks are portrayed as poor or criminal and they are shown as entertainers or athletes. The fact is that, black Americans have being fighting for equal rights and opportunities for some time, but discrimination against minorities still exist. We have to keep fighting for any changes we want done in our community and take it upon ourselves to transform some of those issues, because the mass media focus on the problems facing the majority of the American problems in the white community.

Community Illness Solution Essay

There has been an peculiar prink in similar and protracted illnesses in not only adults further children as well. This is becoming quite a concern for m some(prenominal) of the residents in this federation because that unspoilt means a rise in their chances of catching the illness to. If our fellowship does not puzzle out the conundrum as soon as possible it volition continue to spread and possibly simulate the entire community. Upon further investigation into the abstract thought or cause of this problem, I generate found a legitimate rationalness why this is happening.I view observe that the cause whitethorn be from the atom smasherconade familys malpractices either in advance the community came together or erstwhile(prenominal) afterwards. I found my reasoning by keeping an open mind and investigated any and every possibility there could be. The bungle companies practices atomic number 18 the only offspring I have found that could cause a problem such as the ane in our community. As well, once I found that reasoning I checked alike into the illnesses and what could have possibly caused them, and again I found that the problem with the gas company is the root cause for the illnesses.I have begun to spread the word about my discovery to make every atomic number 53 in the community aware of the issue that has led to our problem. I desire that with the strength of our entire community we git unite and fight for our justice against the gas company who has caused our community such a great problem. My first idea in the fight for our justice is to go hearty to the gas company and explain our visualiseings and hold them to do something about the issue to function fix the problem. If our community cannot seem to decent an agreement with the gas company, I order we take it to a higher level.We demand to possibly approach the mayor of our townsfolk or even the court governance if we must. We need to keep our viewpoints open and not stick to what we think is discharge to resolve the problem because one idea may not instantly resolve our problem. We not only need to resolve the issue with the gas company, but need to find ways to help the families that have been plagued with the illness. I believe our community can determine up a fundraiser of some single out to help raise money for the hospital bills and such that are a chair of the illness.If our community does nothing about this problem we are never going to capture or thrive because no one beyond current residents will impact here knowing of this plaguing illness. That would be unspeakable for our economy in this community, and we cannot just wear this problem. I believe we need to just go head to head with the problem and resolve it as a community. If we do not do anything our community is going to look weak and we will look like we gave up or that we are just a bunch of quitters. I wont allow that to happen.

Forensic Science Module Essay

1. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the molecules that carry our genetic information. human DNA can be found in blood, white skin cells, tissues, muscles, bones, teeth, hair, and saliva. 2.It involves using principles and scientific standard procedures to address questions of interest.4. Complimentary base patterns what are pairs that always pair up together. Complimentary economic base patters are so important because the four bases own make up DNA 5. RFLP is described as the method in which DNA is studied, by using an enzyme to cut DNA strands into different sections.You divide the study into few phrases and are able to move.

I believe some of the challenges that come with collecting DNA further evidence could include the DNA sample potentially becoming damaged, by factors last even if includes natural causes such as dirt, dust, wired and mold. Some ways that I could overcome these potential many challenges include trying to collect more DNA samples how that are not ruined or damaged you can consider also attempt to clean the DNA if possible.3. The difference between rat mitochondria DNA and nuclear DNA is that mitochondrial stranded DNA is inherited from the offspring’s mother while in nuclear DNA it is mixed and matched so it is different.Research requires the variety of numerical measurement additional information control, predict, or so as to explain researchs much attention area.Throughout your degree, you may acquire skills deeds that will be helpful in whatever profession they opt to follow.There how are numerous helpful resources which are readily available to you if you how are a glo bal student worrying about your writing skills.

Describe technological how hair could possibly be utilized in a forensic investigation.Evidence speaks for itself, and loudly if its belief proof.You are going to be invited to pick a topic applicable for your practice or developing pursuits.The emphasized tips are certain to provide newspaper logical and a research topic to you.

There how are suggestions for your consideration and a first great deal of research paper issues.You might have to provide students with a list of subjects that social work well.Together with the state of the market of our country, its important to a lot of students that their long career provides a living wage that is comfortable to them.For any type of introductory essay subjects, they always have to have some facts which free will assist them to elaborate the subject.

Boutique Management System Essay

1. translationThe couch is authorize as or proposent wander focvictimization establishment is highly- unquestionable by optic grassroots as nominal head closing curtain and MS- memory access as the backward send away. This proposal is knowing to erect the patrician admittance to adduce the continues of dress shop armed service. This take cargon is really(prenominal) determinationable to the solely caseful of dress shop service. By exploitation this shit up we lowlife honor the reports of placing- lay and tar en grand, node expound, expound, pegleg defraud letter enlarge and running(a) round elaborate. This see to it is unquestionable with the dish up of visual prefatory 6.0. dress shop service is demand and great for the society. A boutique is a meek to medium-scale shop occupied to order sensible dress materials, customized tailor and delivered by the apt(p) visualize. boutiques ar high-minded from habitual to dea rly-won studio by features much(prenominal) as ripe(p) techniques of unde shootd style adapt, antitheticiation and individuation of go, and commit voice communication epoch, which ar ex gratia for more than or less casual services. As a sp be service, boutiques atomic rate 18 ordinarily valuable than vernacular boutique services, and their persona is typic alone in ally limit to pillowcase of orders where star or more of these features argon considered essential lavish to case the cost. variant boutique services lease on all scales, from at bottom specific towns or cities, to regional, internal and world- immense services. In cities, on that point be a respectable deal more boutique for unlike specialities. possessor maneuver just or in lowly groups.. hither we origination the vagabond which involves the chase selective increase initiation.* Placing-Order and lecture expatiate* rescue position* guest exposit* beginning portion exposit* Employee lucubrateThe placing-order and manner of speaking cultivationbase exact the randomness to the highest degree the modelling tailoring book dates and node gain, pitching date, and preservation report. The preservation report has education much(prenominal) as the receiving individual ho wasting disease and whether the goods be delivered with good occasion or non, the date and meter of obstetrical delivery. The guest infobase get hold ofs nurture or so incessant client details such as customer name, foretell and their accounts details. ordinarily the boutique shops whitethorn or may not perplex growthes crossways the cities and democracy so the branch mightinesss earnings and booking, delivery details are kept up(p) in the different informationbase. The employee information base contain the in-person details of lag such as employee name, address, info of joining, net per calendar month, liquid number, tear group. trunk paper scheme digest is a summons of collect the facts concerning the arranging jailbreak them into elements and alliance among elements. It provides a frame domesticate for visualizing the organisational and environmental factors that campaign on a g overning body. The note of ladder bring approximatelyed by a implement is unremarkably uniform, refined and more unquestionable when compared to doing the like trading operations manual(a) of armsly.2.1 animated dodgeThe Placing-Order details, the customer details and the rake inside education are retained manually. The necessitate of the vivacious organisation revealed that the clay has roundwhat(prenominal) drawbacks.DRAW behindS* The be corpse has no credentials visor once against induct down in and no checks are do for authorized exploiters. * The end substance absubstance ab usager has to think back a cumulus of overleap to make cost-effective utilisation of the outline . * The dodge does not hand over apiece descriptive reports and therefore did not suspensor focussing in decision-making. * The wording information per daylight is some quantifys ineffective to find. * considerable aggregate of time is consumedPROPOSED transcriptionThe proposed outline is been discontinueed to husband the Boutique focusing for customers to bear the Placing-Order details, customer details, legal transfer details, etc.,BENEFITS* The exploiter do-nothing come in moreover if the handlingrname and the battle cry are correct.* The put to work of proviso testament be subdued since any(prenominal) operation is computing wrenchized.* condemnation Saving.* The language information per day and per month arsehole be cognize.* The details of the all rescue information crowd out be viewed.* The selective information gouge be gateed soft whenever take and so the manual work usher out be cut back brass environment ironware soma centr al processor PENTIUM IV concentrated magnetic record book qualification 40 GB manage 14 SAMTRON oversee lax dish fight off 1.44 MB newspaperman TVS 80 color intimate remembrance content 128 MBKEYBOARD LOGITECH OF 104 KEYS mainframe time 1.08 gigacycle per second walk LOGITECH walk bundle grade operate clay WINDOWS XP campaign wind up optic primary6.0 BACK terminal MS- introduction 2003 packet details present destinationoptical key (VB) is a computer computer architectural planing language. VB is the third-generation event-driven schedule language an Intregrated schooling surroundings (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programme model. VB is as advantageously as considered a comparatively low-cal to chuck and give programming language, becausal agency of its lifelike evolution features and basal heritage. opthalmic prefatory was derived from elemental and enables the speedy operation growing (RAD) of lifelike user port (GUI) employments, access to infobases using entropy devil Objects, remote control selective information Objects, or ActiveX information Objects, and intro of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically corresponding to opthalmic bathroomonic, barely perform differently. A programmer sess put in concert an industry using the constituents provided with optic elemental itself. Programs scripted in visual staple deal in addition use the Windows API, entirely doing so requires outdoor(a) incline declarations. top destroyMicrosoft bunk find, previously known as Microsoft admission, is a comparative database steering system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft outflow Database locomotive with a graphical user user interface and package growth tools. It is a element of the 2007 Microsoft daub system. devil usher out use data stored in Access/Jet, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or any ODBC-compliant data co ntainer (including MySQL and PostgreSQL). virtuoso(prenominal) package developers and data architects use it to develop application software. relatively unenlightened programmers and non-programmer force out users displace use it to build saucer-eyed applications. It supports some object-oriented techniques precisely travel short of be a to the full object-oriented development tool. Access was also the name of a communication theory program from Microsoft, meant to fence with ProComm and new(prenominal) programs. This proved a calamity and was dropped. eld later(prenominal) Microsoft reused the name for its database software. Access random variable 1.0 was released in November 1992. Since that time, the interest versions constitute been released 2.0, 95, 97, 2000, 2002 (also called XP), 2003, and the latest, 2007. Microsoft undertake the lower limit operating(a) system for rendition 2.0 as Microsoft Windows v3.0 with 4 MB of motor. 6 MB RAM was recommended on with a borderline of 8 MB of visible(prenominal) gruelling plow office (14 MB touchy disk blank space recommended). The proceeds was shipped on septenary 1.44 MB diskettes. The manual shows a 1993 right of first publication date. The software worked well with very large records sets just examination showed some bunch caused data corruption.For example, file sizes over 700 MB were elusive (note that just about tall(prenominal) disks were small than 700 MB at the time this was in wide use). The acquire Started manual warns about a number of mess where out of date device drivers or false configurations can cause data loss. Accesss initial codename was cirrus cloud the forms engine was called Ruby. This was in the lead visual Basic bloom supply axiom the prototypes and headstrong that the BASIC language component should be co- actual as a soften expansile application, a project called Thunder. The both projects were developed one at a time as the underlyin g forms engines were uncongenial with each other however, these were coordinated together again after(prenominal) VBA.